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From the dawn of humankind, the

ability to join similar or
dissimilar materials has been
central to the creation of useful
tools, the manufacture of
products, and the erection of
structures. Joining was
undoubtedly one of the first, if
not the first, manufacturing
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 Joining is the act or process of putting or bringing
things together to make them continuous or to form a
unit.

 As it applies to fabrication, joining is the process of

attaching one component, structural element, part to
create an assembly, where the assembly of component
parts or elements is required to perform some
function or combination of functions that are needed
or desired and that cannot be achieved by a simple
component or element alone.

 Engineering application are mostly assemblies.

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 An assembly is a collection of manufactured parts,
brought together by joining to perform one or more
than one primary function

Three major types of Assembly

 Structural Assemblies
 Mechanical Assemblies
 Electrical Assemblies

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 Structural Assemblies: Primary function is to carry
load static dynamic or both
Ex: Building, bridges and dams etc.

 Mechanical Assemblies: Primary fucntion is to create,

enable or permit some desired motion or series of
motion through the interaction of properly positioned,
aligned and oriented components.
Ex: Engines, gear trains, linkages, actuators etc.

 Electrical Assemblies: Primary function is to create

transmit, process or store electromagnetic signal or
state to perform some desired function.
Ex: PCBs, motor, generator, power transformers etc.

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 Achieve Functionality

 Facilitate Manufacturing

 Minimize Cost

 Provide Aesthetics

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 gon-Permanent (Temporary) Joint:
Allows intentional disassembly w/o damaging the
assembly.

 Permanent Joint :
Doesn¶t allow disassembly once applied.

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 Joining is made possible by the following three
fundamental forces.

1. Mechanical forces (Bolts & Fasteners)

2. Chemical forces (Adhesives)
3. Physical forces (Welding)

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Common examples of mechanical fasteners are
1. Bolts (with or without nuts)
2. gails
3. Rivets
4. Pins Two types of Fasteners
5. Screws etc. Threaded Fasteners
Unthreaded Fasteners

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 ˜ne large and very important category of mechanical
fasteners uses threads to achieve their function.

 Threads are a helical ramp around a cylindrical shaft

that enables the development of a clamping force
between the fastener and a joint element or multiple
joint elements through the principle of a screw.
a. Self tapping screw
b. Machine screw
c. Bolt/nut screw

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They are either left hand or right hand threaded

Two major types

1. Unified Inch Series
2. Metric Series.

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 They are usually two-piece threaded fasteners that
develop a clamping force in a joint using a second,
internally threaded backup piece called a µµnut,¶¶ which
operates on the externally threaded shank of the bolt.

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 Square
 Hexagonal
 Round

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Two major categories
1. Machine Screws
2. Self tapping Screws

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 Most rivets are locked into place by using an existing head and
creating a foot.

 

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 The oldest mechanical fastener.

 A pin is a machine element or fastening component

that secures the positions of two or more parts
relative to one another in a structure or assembly by
passing through holes in those parts.

 Pins usually remain fixed in place by the friction

caused by interference between the pin¶s surface and
the material surrounding it in the part(s) into which it
is inserted

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 Veys are solid pieces of various shapes used in combination with
mating, similarly shaped slots called keyways to fasten two parts.

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 Washers are simple,
usually flat (or nearly
flat), usually circular
secondary fasteners used
with bolts, screws, and
nuts, usually in tension-
loaded joints.

Main Usage
 To spread out load

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 Permanent Joining Method

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