Structure Repairs & Rehabilitation Presentation No.3

Structure Repairs &
Rehabilitation Presentation
No.3
Structure Repairs & Rehabilitation

Type Of Building Construction
A. Based On Construction Method
B. Based On Design & Supervision

A. Based On Construction Method
Load Bearing Wall With Step/Strip
Footing
R.C.C. Frame Work
Precast Structural Frame Work

B. Based On Design & Supervision
Engineered Building
(Designed & supervised By Engineer)
Non-Engineered Building
(Built by Mason, Carpenters without Input From
Engineer)
Semi Engineered Building
(Ex. In masonry Building, where Load bearing wall had
not been properly designed. Generally It is built by
Architect & Contractors without involving Engineer
effectively)
Pre- Engineered Buildings
(Those Non Engineered building which is complying IS
4326,IS 13827, IS 13828 ,IS 13935)

Categories Of Seismic Damage
Damage Categories
Extent Of Damage In
General
Suggested Post Earth

Quake Action
G
1
Slight Non
Structural
Damage
Thin Crack in Plaster,

Falling of Plaster bits in
limited parts
Building Need Not to

Vacated., only
architectural repairs
required.
G
2
Slight Structural
Damage
Small crack in walls,

Falling of Plaster in large
bits over large areas;
Damage of non structural
Parts like projecting of
cornice, kitchen chimney
etc.(The load carrying
capacity is not reduced
appreciably.)
Building Need Not to

Vacated., Cracks in
walls need grouting.
Architectural repairs
carried out to achieve
durability. Seismic
strengthening is
desirable.
G
3
Moderate
Structural
Damage
Large & deep Crack in

walls; Cracking of walls,
columns, piers, & tilting or
Building Need to be
Vacated for structural
restoration & seismic

Categories Of Seismic Damage
Damage Categories
Extent Of Damage In
General
Suggested Post Earth

Quake Action
G
4
Severe
Structural
Damage
Gaps occur in walls; Inner

or outer wall collapse;
Failure of ties.
Approximate 50% of the
main structural elements
fail. The building takes a
dangerous states.
Building has to be
vacated. For
demolishing or
extensive restoration
& strengthening work
has to be carried out.
G
5
Collapse
A large part of whole of

the building collapses.
Redesign &
construction of
Building .
This Table is useful for considering

retrofitting to be undertaken & cost for
rehabilitation of building.
Earthquake Effects on Soils & Foundations &

Solution Features For Foundations
Type I Rock Or Hard Soil-Well graded gravel
Mixtures with or without clay binder, and
clayey sands poorly graded or sand clay
mixtures(GB,CW,SB,SW & SC) N>30
Type II Medium Soils- All soils N= 10 to 30 &
Poorly Graded Sands Or Gravely Sands with
Little or No fines (SP) with N>15
Type III Soft Soils Other than SP with N < 10.

S. Type Of
No. Soil
1.
2.
3.
a.
Type I
Hard
Type II
Medium
Type III
Soft
Low
Water
Damaging
Effect Of Earth
quake
None
Earth quack Resisting

Feature
Use any foundation

type
Not much in
Use any foundation
Zones II & III
type
Relative Lateral Use tie beams in case
Movement
of Individual column
Possible in Zone Foundations
IV,V
Not Much In
Use Any Type of
Zone II
Foundation. Use plinth
bend.
Relative
Use Plinth beam to

S.No Type Of Soil
.
Damaging Effect Of
Earth quake
Earth quack Resisting Feature
3.
b.
Some relative
movement in Zone II
Use Plinth beam to connect

isolated
Foundations
Relative Lateral &

Vertical movements
in Zone III
Use piles going to stable soil

layer or minimum 10 m length.
Driven piles preferable.
Liquefaction resulting
in tilting/ overturning
of buildings &
structures likely in
zones IV & V
Improve the soil to a depth of 7

to 8m or up to stable layer if
met earlier, by dynamic
compaction or by compaction
piles. Use piles going to stable
soil layer or minimum 10 m
length. Driven piles preferable.
Soil not seen to be

affected in intensity
VII shaking in Latur,
Jabalpur earthquakes
but effect of ground
Use Plinth beams to connect

individual column footings. Use
Plinth Band in case of strip
foundations. Use of under ream
piles preferable
3c.
Type III Soft

Liquefiable
with high
water table
Black Cotton
Soil

Irregular Shape Building Should be
Avoided.
Diaphragm Discontinuity-(Openings
Floor
or different shape in Each floor)
Openi
ng
Out- Of Plan Offset(Discontinuity like

Stilt floor, House having open spaces
in G.F.)
Non Parallel System

Torsion Irregularities are In floor plan
like tilting or deformed or Both.
Re-entrant Corner
If A/L>0.15 to 0.2.
L
2 A
2
L
A1
1
Re- Entrant corner

12
m
24
A=18m
m
Plan A Plan B Plan C Plan D Plan F

In Plan A, As per rule In Y-dir.
A/L=18/24=0.75> 0.15 In X-dir.
A/L=6/12=0.50> 0.15
Plan F

5
Mass Irregularity
4
Example: IF
3
nd
rd
2 storey Weight> 2.0x3 Storey 2
2nd storey Weight> 2.0x 1st Storey 1
Stiffness Irregularity (If stiffness of
different floors are changed by certain
limit due to change in height or like
omitting load bearing wall at
particular floor, change in shape or
Size of floor etc.
Elevations

Vertical Geometrical Irregularity
L1
A
A
L2
IfA > 0.25 A > 0.15 L 2 > 1.5

L
1
InLPlan Discontinuity
in Lvertical
Element Resisting Lateral Force
Upper
a
Shear
Wall
Floor
Lower
Floor

Weak Storey (lateral Strength of Each
storey vary F1 < 0.8 F2 (or F3 )
F3
F2
F1

Redesigning existing structure for nature forces
It is a comprehensive task & require planning
which include following Information gathering.
Field investigations including details of sub
strata, foundation details, extent of damage
Type of Existing structure & its members stability
Design Data Collection
Identification of components required to be
strengthened
Cost Estimates (it is feasible up to 60% of new
construction)
Method or Procedure to be fallowed.

Crack Investigation
Location
Profile (vertical, Horizontal, Diagonal)
Crack Size (Depth & length)

Crack Location In Structure
Foundation:
1. Cracks Travel vertical in step footing in case of
unequal settlement.
. Flooring:
1. It is circular, Linear.
. Column:
1. Generally at 1/3rd height from bottom & top
depending on fixing conditions of column ends.
2. At laps location ,if laps are not staggered or
not sufficient length.

Brick Work:
In wall at ends of lintel in Diagonal
upward directions.
1. Horizontal, generally at slab wall joint ,
when whole wall sink.
2. Vertical, in case of unequal settlement
. Beam:
1. Near Support ,visible on both face of
beam & bottom.
2. At centre of beam in its bottom

Slab :
1. At centre of Span in ceiling (slab bottom)
2. At top & bottom face of slab near the
supporting wall or at top surface in case
of cantilever
. Plaster:
1. At joints with R.C.C & brick work
2. At localized locations in wall due to
different reasons
3. Locations as briefed in cracks in B.W.

Make structure floor, roof lighter as much as
possible.
Avoid Un- symmetry of structure as much as
possible. For this purpose structure can be
divided.
Sand Pilling ,Stabilization of weak soil, sandy soil
having high water level must be taken care off.
Proper Connections of building Elements.
Use steel to strengthen laterally for load bearing
wall as per code requirement.
Provide adequate plinth protection.
Avoid to built Rigid masonry Building freely
resting on rock in Earth Quack porn area.

Consider retaining wall, breast wall
while estimating school building in
heavy slope hills.
A building shaped like a box, such as
rectangular both in plan & elevation
is inherently stronger than one that
Open
area should
is L-shaped
or U-shaped or such a
bebuilding
not morewith
thanwings.
L<
50% of built up
B
area.
3B
Layout Plan

Suitability Of Typical School
Building Plan L < 3 B ; L <
45 mm
(A < 0 .15 L)
A
L<
3B
C
(C < 0 .15
OpenB)
area
should be
not more
than 50% of
Layout
PlanPlan
area.

Lateral Supports To Long Wall
R.C.C./B.W.
Columns
Maximum 6m
Interval
Buttress
Maximum 6m
Interval

Separation Sections to divide One
Building into more.
3
1
2
1

Avoid keeping shallow foundation on
Black Cotton Soil.
Use one type of foundation in a whole
building to avoid differential settlement.
Physical quality check on material should
me periodic.
An addition of room, which is structurally
independent from an existing building
should be designed & constructed in
accordance with the seismic requirements
of new compiled structures.

Any existing seismic resistance building if
occupied for school building then the building
has to be rechecked for seismic resistance for
building importance factor of 1.5.
Projecting parts like cornices, facia stones,
parapets etc. should be avoided as for as
possible, otherwise they should be properly
reinforced and firmly tied to the main
structure Refer IS 1893 CLAUSE -7.12.2
Ceiling plaster should be avoided as possible.

Whenever one un symmetrical building is
divided into two or more building by separation
walls the structure of the divided building up
to plinth level is generally monolithic. Refer
code IS 4326 5.1 to 5.2
Even Where calculations based on code- based
seismic coefficients may not indicate tension
steel requirements, the reinforcement
suggested in the form of seismic bands &
vertical steel bars at corners & junction of walls
& jambs of openings must be provided since
these are safe guard for probable maximum
earthquake.

Ductility Detailing
L1 should be 450 mm
or 1/6 th of clear
Column Beam Connection
height of
Ld+10 column/longer
side
of
2 for each
column section,
bend
2d
L1
whichever is greater
Spacin
In length L1 ,Spacing
d
g
Of ring < 0.25 times
h/4
L1
Shear
of minimum width of
Key
column or 75mm or
Pockets In length
2d(as shown)
100mm
,Spacing Of Stirrups
Level of Casting
(0.25X d) of beam or 8X
Of column Lift

Beam Reinforcement
Spacing
150
mm
Ld
Splice In Bottom bar: within
span
of
Splice In Top bar: within 2/ of

3
middle of span

Column Reinforcement
6mm @ 150
mm
L
d
L
d
Middle 2/3
of height
300
rd

Corrosion resistance precautions
should also be taken in ductility
detailing of cyclone prone & tsunami
prone coastal areas.
IS 456 does not allow R.C.C. below
M20 grade.

An addition of new structure which is not
structurally independent should be designed
& constructed such that the entire building
conforms to the seismic resistance
requirements for new building configuration.
The addition should not increase the
seismic force in any structural elements of
the existing building by more than 5%
unless the capacity of the element subject to
the increased force is still in compliance with
the standard.

Importance Factor(I) For Building
Depend Upon
Functional Use Of Structure
Hazardous Consequences Of Its
Failure
Post Earthquake Personal needs
Historical Value
IEconomic
Importance
value
Zone
II
III
IV
V
1.5
Building
Retrofitting
C
D
E
E
School
Building
Have
I
value=1.5
need
Structure Repairs &

Rehabilitation
Seismic wave propagation increases as
height of wall/structure increases.

Seismic wave propagation pushes bricks of
corner of wall out of building.
Movement of Seismic wave through joints of
similar or dissimilar component of building
,makes joint open resulting of falling of
component of the building.
Lateral strength of existing building is
improved by grouting, additional of vertical
reinforcement concrete coverings on the two
sides of the wall,& by pre stressing the wall.

Cyclone Obstructed by Retaining Wall
Cyclones

Although, the 2005 Kashmir earthquake destroyed many
houses and schools, But many old buildings did not suffer any
damage because they were built with timber elements
embedded in brick and stone masonry.

Himachal Pradesh also has old tradition of including many
timber elements in stone masonry walls to make the
buildings earthquake resistant. These buildings survive
earthquakes without any damage
Believe it or not this wooden school did not

crack or fall in Sikkim earth quack even it was
neglected structure.

Believe it or not this Ekra school did
survive in Sikkim earth quack even it
has been poorly built in as Plinth &
ground is on same level.

This slide shows joint of plinth beams at corner
of column.
Due to no hook in
many of bars in
plinth beam
,whole of wall
above plinth
beam came out
with the plinth
beam at corner
column in sikkim
earth Bar
quack
without
hook

Plaster came out in few panel of one
old Accra school building in Sikkim
earth quack.
Higher plinth level with plinth

protection

Elevation : Distance b1 to b8 changes as
per Building l
Retrofitting
l2
1
Need
b8
3
t
b
b7
h3
6
b
b
b
1
h
2
b
b5
4
1
2
h1
b
2 b
b4
h2
b5
Table :Size, Position Of Opening In

Building
Action For
Above Figure
Descripti
on
Mortar
Retrofitting
Need/Category
C
D&E
Retrofitting, if code
requirement not
found satisfied
Cement Cement
Chemical test of
: lime:
: lime:
mortar is carried
sand
sand
out ,if it is less than
1:2:9 or 1:1:6 or recommendation than
CS-1: 6 CS-1: 4 wall grouting or wire
mesh fixing or fiber
reinforce mortar is
Table :Size, Position Of Opening In Above

Building
Action For
Figure
Description
Retrofitting
Need/Category
C
D&E
(b1+b2+b3)/l1
; (b6+b7)/l2 =
shall not
exceed
( For one
Storey
Retrofitting, if
code
requirement not
found satisfied
This limit is
fallowed by
changing
opening size,
closing opening
or reinforcing
opening by

Table :Size, Position Of Opening In Above Figure
Description
Building
Action For
Retrofitting
Retrofitting, if
Need/Category
code
C
D & E requirement not
found satisfied
Seismic belt at plinth is provided if plinth is 900mm above ground.

Belt around door, window provided with details as per zone on both face
of opening.
600
600 mm
`h3 (minimum)
Ceiling or eve level belt onmm
both side wall for prefab & slopping roof.
Gable & ridge level belt on both side of wall in case of pitched roof.
`b8 (Max.)
900
900 mm
Window sill level belt on both face in three story building for achieving
mm
category D , E
Vertical bar or belt in all story at corner & junction of wall & in jambs for
achieving category D,E & in three story in category C.
Elevation : Masonry Building With Limitations for retrofitting limit
t 190
mm
t
Maximu
m 4.0 M
15
t
35 t or 8.0
m
20
t
V
Buttress Wall
35
35
t
t
W
Buttress Can Be Avoided by increasing wall thickness between

the cross wall.
Cracks are Cleaned by Air.

Nozzles 1 & 4 are fixed by 1:3 mortar.
1 2 3
Bea
m
Crac
k
Then Compressed air is passed through nozzles 1 & 4.
Nozzles 2 & 3 are fixed using mortar 1:3.
Filled cracks with mortar1:3.
Grout Nozzles in this face of beam in sequence of 1,4,2,3.Use sand in
grout for nozzle 2 & 3 .
Same is fallowed in opposite face of beam for nozzles 1 & 4.
Use Non shrinking grout ,which is 225 gram packet for 1 bag of
cement.
Pressure of grout is normally 3 kg/c.m.2 It vary with size of crack.

S. Item Of
N Roof/Floor
o.
1
2
1. Roof/Floor
with
Requirement as
per IS 4326 For
School Building
category
C
D
E
3
Tie
Beam
4
5
Tie Beam
All round
Retrofittin
g Action, if
code
provision
not
satisfied
6
Provide R.C.
screed &

S. Item Of
N Roof/Floor
o.
Requirement as
per IS 4326 For
School Building
category
C
D
E
Retrofittin
g Action, if
code
provision
not
satisfied
1
2
3. Sloping
roofs with
3
4
5
i) Horizontal cross
bracing at level of
6
Install the
cross

S.
N
o.
Item Of
Roof/Floor
Requirement as
per IS 4326 For
School Building
category
C
D
E
Retrofitting
Action, if
code
provision
not satisfied
1
4.
2
Jack arch
roof/floor
3
4
5
Connect the steel
joists by horizontal
ties at intervals to
prevent spreading &
cracking of the
6
Install steel
flats as ties by
welding them
to the steel
joists and

S.
N
o.
Item
a.
b.
Sloping
raftered roofs
Requirement Retrofitting Action,

as per IS
if code provision
4326 For
not satisfied
School
Building
category
C
D
E
Preferably use Convert rafters into A

full trusses
frames or full
trusses to reduce
thrust on walls

Beam Jacketing
Beam
Chipped
Surface
painted with
Flooring
epoxy
Along Beam
New Bar
are removed
Shortcrete
Column

New Bars are fixed In
Beam strengthening
Columns for beam in top
Remove
& bottom face
Plaster of
beam and
flooring is
removed
along beam
Jacketing is
done using
Micro
concrete with
self flowing
admixture.
U shape stirrups
are fixed from bottom
of beam into slab
COLUM
N
Pull test is carried out grouted
bars in drilled holes randomly.

Strengthening of Cracked Wall
20x40 mm
thick
Mortar or
Micro
concrete
Clamps or Tie Rod

connected to Wire
Mesh along cracks
Crack wider than 5
mm Port
Grout
Wire Mesh (50mmx
50 mm Opening)
Sectional Elevation Of
School Buildings has to be construct as per

Building Category C,D,E ( as per its EQ
Zone). These Category define specific mortar
for brick work & corresponding strength can
be achieved by injecting grout in existing
building walls. Same procedure is fallowed in
cracked wall having crack width 0.5 to 5 mm
ports
are
with grouting port fixed Grouting
along crack,
spacing
@ of wall thickness
fixed 2 to 4 No. /
Front
sqm, Grout 1:1: 225

gram of Non
Shrinking compound
Per 1Bag Of Cement
Side

Strengthening of Multiple Cracked Wall
Tie Rods 300 to

400mm C/C
connected to Wire
Mesh
cracks
Crack
Oralong
Cracks
>5
mm
widePort
Grout
Mortar(1:1) + Non
Shrink
Grout(50mmx
Wire Mesh
50 mm Opening)
20x40
mm thick
Mortar or
Micro
concrete
Grout 1:1
+ non
shrink
compoun
d
Sectional Elevation Of Cracked Or

Cross Wall Connection
Strengthening
Drilled
Hole
Tor Rod
Grouted
t 2t
Elevation Of Stone Masonry
PLAN

Fill the
concrete
from both
side &
then use
non
shrink
grout
Temporary Support
75 mm Hole is
made carefully
through R.R.
masonry & S-shape
bar is casted using
small size
aggregate concrete
1:2:4 with NSC or
self (free) flowing
readymade grout.
Curing for 10 days is must for such

element
Vertical Face Of Stone Masonry Wall

Through Stone are 1.0m apart
vertically & horizontally with 0.5 m
staggering horizontal
1.0
m
1.0
m
0.5
m
0 Orientation of mesh
45 Orientation of mes
Orientation of mesh increases tensile
strength of structure by way of increased
energy absorption. It is maximum for 45
As per above photograph ,it is possible that the

reinforcement would have buckled or elongated or
excessive yielding may have occurred. This element can
be repaired by replacing the old portion of steel with new
steel using butt welding or lap welding instead of just
Splicing or overlapping . Additional stirrup ties are to be
added in the damaged portion. Additional steel if

S.N
o
1.
Classification Of Damageability Of
Masonry Buildings
Grade 1 : Negligible to slight damage ( no structural
damage , slight non-structural damage)

S.N
o.
3.
4.
Classification Of Damageability Of Masonry

Buildings
Grade 3: Substantial to heavy damage ( moderate

structural damage, heavy non structural damage)
a) Structural: Large in extensive cracks in most walls.
Wide spread cracking of column & piers.
b) Non Structural : Roof tiles detach. Chimney
fracture at the roof line : failure of non structural
elements( partitions , gable walls).
Grade 4: Very heavy damage ( heavy structural
damage , very heavy non structural damage) .New
construction may explore.
For low strength masonry building use IS 13828.
Structural : Serious failure of walls (gaps in walls),
inner wall collapse ,Partial structural failure of roofs
S.
N
o.
Buildi
ng
Type
a)
Rubble stone in mud mortar or without mortar usually

with sloping wooden roof
b)
Mud walls , Adobe walls of two storey
c)
Un coursed rubble masonry without adequate through

stones
d)
Masonry with rounded ( undresses) stones
2
3
A a)
Adobe ( un burnt block or brick) walls of single storey
Rammed earth Pile construction
b)
B a)
b)
4
Description
B a)
+
Semi-dressed, rubble , brought to courses, with through

stones & long corner stone. unreinforced brick walls with
country type wooden roofs, unreinforced CC block wall
constructed in mud mortar or weak lime mortar.
Earthen walls (Adobe , rammed earth ) with horizontal
wooden elements
Un reinforced brick masonry in mud mortar with vertical
wood posts or horizontal wood element or seismic band
S.N Buildi
o.
ng
Type
Contd.
a
)
Description
b
)
6
C+
a
)
a
)
Unreinforced masonry walls built from fully

dressed( Ashlar ) stone masonry or CC
block or burn brick using good lime or
cement mortar, either having RC floor/roof
or sloping roof having eave level
horizontal bracing system or seismic band.
As at description B (a) with horizontal
seismic bands (IS 13828)
Like C (a) type but also having horizontal
seismic bands at lintel level of doors and
windows( IS 4326)
Masonry construction as at type C (a) but
reinforced with bands & vertical
reinforcement ,etc ( IS 4326) or confined
masonry using horizontal & vertical

Medvedev-Sponheuer-Karnik (MSK) intensity
scale is used to evaluate the severity of ground
shaking on the basis of observed efforts in an
area of the earthquake occurrence.
In the Scale few means 5-15 % buildings
damage, Many means 50%, Most means 75%.
For damageability of important building
(school) in any zone , should be checked for the
just higher zone.
Table below provide help in evaluating need for
improvement in building in consideration by
using simple retrofitting methods for which
more detailed evaluation is not feasible.
Damageability Grades Of Masonry Buildings

S.N
o.
Type
Of
Buildi
ng
Zone II
(MSK VI or
less)
Zone III
(MSK VII)
Zone IV
(MSK VIII)
Zone V
(MSK IX or
More)
A&
A+
Many( 50%)
of grade 1
damage
Most( 75%) of
grade 3
damage
Most of grade
4
damage
Many( 50%) of
grade 5
Few of grade
2
Few (5 to
15%) of grade
4
Few of grade 5
Rest no
damage
Rest of grade
2,1
Rest of grade
3,2
B&
B+
C&
Many of grade Most of grade

2
3
Rest of grade 4
,3
Many of grade
4
Few of grade
1
Few of grade
3
Few of grade 4 Few of grade 5
Rest no
damage
Rest of grade
1
Rest of grade
2
Rest of grade 3
Many of grade Most of grade
Many of grade3
Drilling And Grouting Of Tie Rod At Spring

Level
Weld 12
Load of roof from Arch are

transferred through prop. Before
Grouting
using
NSC/ Hilti
compoun
d
GROUTING in
between wall
& lintel
Props are Placed on both

side of wall To Support
wall above R.C.C. Lintel
Or Steel Joist.
Last slide continue

Fixing Of
Lintel (Or
Steel Joist
encased in
concrete )
over Weak
Arch
Wall
Above
Arch
ARC
H
ROO
F
PROP
S
Sectional Elevation showing fixing of Lintel
Preventing Arch Cracking By providing

Ties
A Flat Iron Or Rod
Connecting Bottom Flanges
Of I Section by Bolt Or
Welding
Bearing
Plate
Jack Arch
Flat Iron Or
Rod
Arch Supporting Pillar.

Nozzle
Use props to release load from wall
for
grouting
Concret
cement
e Bond
slurry
Stone at
using
1.0 m
non
spacing
shrinkin
g
Localize
compou
d bulge
nd 14
Non shrinking compound are injected after
Strengthening of footing & Column

Column
Top Surface
Jacketing
Should Be
roughened &
Bar grouted
suitable
in
drilled
hole
epoxy is
coated
Bottom Bar
Bottom
welded 12
Bar is
Additio
Exposed
n Of
at
edges
Pull test should be done on Some DrilledP.C.C.
&
Strengthening of wall around Door &

window
200 mm
250 mm
wide Wire
of 13
Mesh of 10
gauge
Gauge
having
having 8
10
wire with 25
vertical
mm pitch or
wire
250 mm of
with 25
13 gauge
mm
having 10
pitch
for
Wire
mesh
is
provided
on
both
wire with 25
C
face for room except those
G.I. Mesh Reinforcement in seismic belts

in various building categories with
overlapping of 300 mm
S.N Leng Category

o
th of
C
wall
In M G No Wid
.
e
1.
5.0 1 9 250
3
2.
6.0
1 9 250
2
GAUGE
3.
7.0
1 10 280
Category
D
Category
E
No Wid G
.
e
12 9 250 1
0
10 10 280 1
0
10 14 380 1
No Wid
.
e
10 280
14 380
18 460
(G)10=3.25,G12=2.64,G13=2.34,G14=2.0
Transverse wire in G.I.mesh up to 150

Unless otherwise required for category
C,D,E building. Seismic belt is not required
for following situation
1. Under roof & floor if they are R.C.C.
2. If plinth level is less than 900 mm.
3. Eve level bend is provided instead of lintel
level bend if eve level is not more than
900mm above the door opening.
4. For wall of shorter then 5.0 m, one face G.I.
mesh & tied to the wall by hook of full
width equal to wall @ 2.5 M. C/C & at
turning of belt.

Procedure of Seismic belt Construction
1. Mark the belt on wall & remove the plaster in
area.
2. Rack joint 20mm deep & wash with enough water.
3. Apply 15 mm thick 1:3 mortar immediately after
washing . Make plaster sufficiently rough.
4. Fix mesh using binding wire & nail of 150 mm @
450 mm c/c. If mesh is on both face of wall then
use anchor to connect both mesh & grout the
anchor.
5. Wet the first layer & brush with slurry before
doing second layer of 15 mm thick plaster.
6. Do curing for 10 days.
Vertical Belt At Corners & Junction

S. No.
Store
Category C
Category D
Category E
of
Rooms
N Of
y
Single
Mesh
Sing Mesh
Singl
Mesh
o
Store
y
Bar in
mm
G 10
W
NO.
of
wir
e
1.
One
2.
Two
3.
le
Bar
in
mm
G 10
NO. W
of
wire
e
Bar
in
mm
G 10
W
NO.
of
wir
e
10
10
30
0
12
14
400
First
10
10
30
0
12
14
400
Groun
d
12
14
40
0
16
4. 10=
Three 3.25
Seconmm10dia@
10 25
30mm;
10 Transverse
10 30
12 wire
14 in
400
G
d
0
0
mesh
@ First
150 mm.
5.
10 c/c
10
30
12
14 40
16
25
650
Vertical Belt
200 mm overlap in
Steel Mesh on each
face
200 mm
wide
Mortar belt
150 mm wide Steel

Mesh held by wide
head 150mm long
nail
150 mm
Vertical
Bar at
corner
of room
300 mm
t+60
Vertical Bar At Corner of L

room
Shape
Roo
f
75
mm
Hole
Grout
by
NSC
P.L
.
G.L
Dowel of 8
mm of vertical
leg 400 mm &
150 mm
First Dowel
just
horizontal
legat
above
P.L. & next
every
1.0bar
m at
Vertical
corner & 15 mm
covered with 1:3
cement mortar or
Steel
barMicro
1:1.5:3
minimum750 mm
Compressing The Walls for Box Action

The Vertical
Spacing of prestressing steel
rods shall be
1/3 rd & 2/3rd of
the height of
the wall from
bottom. In case
of slopping roof
or pre
fabricated
element
structure
provide tie at
In R.C. slab
provide such
tie only at
mid height of
wall
ROOM
PLAN
1
kg(f)/c.m.2
pre stress
is sufficient
to
compress
the wall
Before applying compression in

the wall it has to ensure that
1. Wall should not be low
strengthening mortar.
2. It will be better to strengthen week
wall by injection grouting first.
Strengthening of wall for making fit for

compression for
pre-stressing
Nozzle
spacing 2 to 4 No.
per sqm c/c; Grout 1
cement: 1 Water under
pressure 1 to 3 kg/c.m2
Nozzle
for
Injectio
n Grout
Elevation OF Weak Masonry
Cross
For roofing in zone 3 to 5 ,avoid tiles

& use corrugated iron or asbestos
sheeting. Asbestos sheet due to
radioactivity & snow loading (due to
rough surface) is avoided.
Avoid false ceiling, otherwise it
should be light & flexible like Hessian
cloth, bamboo matting, non
flammable foam.
Strengthening Of Rafter roof having attic.

Steel anchor
Intermediate
Flat 50x3 or
wall may not
50x4 mm @ 3
exist
to
4
mtr
Apart
Rafte
r
Attic Floor Beam

Pair of Planks
200x40 mm
nailed at ends
100 mm
Three Nails
5 filled in
member
made by
splitting
bamboo in
two part
Cross
bracings at
Xends of
room
Y
Detail Y
Refer Next
Half Split Bamboo Ties To Rafter
Slide
Brace the Rafter to 50 mm Dia Bamboo (B)
Seismic Bend & Rafter should be tied Properly

Detail Y
Rafte
r
Groutin
g of bolt
New Plank
for bracing,
at end
bay ,nailed
through wall
Flat on both M.S. Flat

face,
clamp
clamped to

Where the roof or floor consists of prefabricated
units like RC rectangular, T or channel units or
wooden poles & joists carrying brick tiles,
integration of such unit is necessary. Timber
elements could be connected to diagonal planks
nailed to them & spiked to an all round wooden
frame at the ends.
Reinforcement concrete elements may either
have 40 mm cast-in situ concrete topping with 6
mm bars @150 c/c both ways or bounded by
a horizontal cast-in situ reinforcement concrete
ring beam all round into which the ends of R.C.
elements are embedded.
6 bw@150c/c Bar In
16 , 2 Topping
No. shear
6 , 2
No.Rin
X
Cage For g
Key
Key In Wall for
RC bend @
3mtr
c/c slab
Pre-fab
Out of400 mm wide RCunit
bend ,150
mm rested
in wallof an existing
Stiffening
Stiffening flat wooden floor/roof

Resting On stone or brick masonry
Tie Plank 100x 25

thick connecting joist
Woo
Diagonal Ties & diagonal bracing
d
Wooden Joist
Plan
1.5
to
3.0
m
thick
G.I.
flat
k
PLAN

Connection of old brick work with new
Old wall
Steel bar
embedd
Concrete
ed in
grout
6 mm - 1
mortar
150 No.
mm
20
120
50
150
mm
New wall
Plan Showing
connection of
12 mm - 1
No.
500 mm 220 mm
200
100
mm
Connection of New brick wall with

Stone Masonry
Brick masonry
xisting old Stone masonry
Corner Connection
16 ,1.15 m
210
8
@200c/c
100
0
150
Plan
250 mm
Steel
Grouting
500 mm
500 mm
Section

Strengthening Of Foundations
a. Introducing new load bearing

members
b. Improving the drainage of the area
to prevent saturation of foundation
soil
c. Providing apron around the building
to prevent soaking of foundation
d. Adding strong elements in the form
of reinforced concrete strips
To avoid disturbance to the integrity of

the existing wall, during the foundation
strengthening process, proper
investigation & design is a must.
25
0
300
35
0
8,350
x 350
mm
2-16
Top &
Bottom
Each
400
4-16
35
30
4-16
Conclusion :
School building comes under

important building of importance
factor 1.5 & therefore while using
any of above method should be
under taken only with consent of
structural designer as he is the
person who can well judge which
method is most suited for getting
non collapse criteria for the EQ
zone.

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Structure Repairs &

Structure Repairs & Rehabilitation

B. Based On Design & Supervision

Structure Repairs & Rehabilitation

Structure Repairs & Rehabilitation

Structure Repairs & Rehabilitation

Suggested Post Earth

Thin Crack in Plaster,

Building Need Not to

Small crack in walls,

Building Need Not to

Large & deep Crack in

Structure Repairs & Rehabilitation

Suggested Post Earth

Gaps occur in walls; Inner

A large part of whole of

This Table is useful for considering

Structure Repairs & Rehabilitation

Earthquake Effects on Soils & Foundations &

Structure Repairs & Rehabilitation

Earth quack Resisting

Use any foundation

Structure Repairs & Rehabilitation

Earth quack Resisting Feature

Use Plinth beam to connect

Relative Lateral &

Use piles going to stable soil

Improve the soil to a depth of 7

Soil not seen to be

Use Plinth beams to connect

Type III Soft

Structure Repairs & Rehabilitation

Out- Of Plan Offset(Discontinuity like

Structure Repairs & Rehabilitation

Structure Repairs & Rehabilitation

Re- Entrant corner

Plan A Plan B Plan C Plan D Plan F

Structure Repairs & Rehabilitation

Structure Repairs & Rehabilitation

IfA > 0.25 A > 0.15 L 2 > 1.5

Structure Repairs & Rehabilitation

Structure Repairs & Rehabilitation

Structure Repairs & Rehabilitation

Structure Repairs & Rehabilitation

Structure Repairs & Rehabilitation

Structure Repairs & Rehabilitation

Structure Repairs & Rehabilitation

Structure Repairs & Rehabilitation

Structure Repairs & Rehabilitation

Structure Repairs & Rehabilitation

Structure Repairs & Rehabilitation

Structure Repairs & Rehabilitation

Structure Repairs & Rehabilitation

Structure Repairs & Rehabilitation

Structure Repairs & Rehabilitation

Structure Repairs & Rehabilitation

Splice In Top bar: within 2/ of

Structure Repairs & Rehabilitation

Structure Repairs & Rehabilitation

Structure Repairs & Rehabilitation

Structure Repairs & Rehabilitation

Structure Repairs &

height of wall/structure increases.