Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Infinite Sequences
and Series
School of Science
Mae Fah Luang University
Content
Sequences
Infinite Series
The Integral Test
Comparison Tests
The Ratio and Root Tests
Alternating Series
Power Series
Taylor and Maclaurin Series
Diverges
Converges to 0
Converges to 0
Diverges
Converges to 1
1
Consider the sequence
n
1 1 1 1 1 2
, , , , , ...
2 4 8 16 32
We see that as n becomes large the
numbers converges to 0, as indicated in
the following definition.
n
…N
an lim an A
5. lim = n→∞ = , B ≠ 0
n →∞ b lim bn B
n
n →∞
n −1 1 1
(b) lim = lim 1 − = lim 1 − lim = 1 − 0 = 1
n→∞ n n→∞ n n→∞ n→∞ n
5
(c) lim 2 =
n→∞ n
4 − 7 n6
(d) lim 6 =
n→∞ n + 3
(−1) n
(c) is not monotonic.
n
Definition
1. A sequence {an} is bounded from above if there
exists a number M such that an ≤ M for all n. The
number M is an upper bound for {an}. If M is an
upper bound for {an} but no number less than M
is an upper bound for {an}, then M is the least
upper bound (l.u.b.) for {an}.
Step 1: I cut the donut into 4 (equal) pieces and give each of
the three volunteers a piece. Then I go to the board and
record
student A student B student C amount left
Then
(a) the series converges if L < 1,
(b) the series diverges if L > 1 or L = ∞,
(c) the test is inconclusive if L = 1.
∞
∑ (−1) n +1
n = 1 − 2 + 3 − 4 + 5 − ....
n =1
n ( n +1) / 2
∞ (−1) ∞ (−1)n −1
(a) ∑ n (b) ∑
n =1 3 n =1 n p
∞
sin n
∞ (−1) n
(c) ∑ 2 (d) ∑
n =1 n n =1 ln( n +1)
∑c x
n =0
n
n
= c0 +c1 x + c2 x + c3 x + L + cn x + L
2 3 n
∑n
c (
n= 0
x − a)n
= 0c 1+c ( x −a) 2c+ ( x 2
aL)− + cn (+x aL)n −
1
y=
1− x
y2 = 1 + x + x 2
y1 = 1 + x
y0 = 1
3x x 2
y2 = 3 − +
2 4
y0 = 1
x
y1 = 2 −
2
n =1 2n − 1
∞
xn
(c) ∑
n =0 n !
∞
(d) ∑ n ! x n
n =0
Sequences & Series 83
Theorem 18 The Convergence
Theorem for Power Series
∞
If the power series ∑ cn x n 2
= c0 + c1 x + c2 x + L
n =1
converges for x = a ≠ 0, then it converges absolutely
for all x with x < a . If the series diverges for x = b,
then it diverges for all x with x > b .
′′
f ( x) = 22 c + 2 3⋅3 c ( x a−) 3 +44 c (⋅ x L a) −
2
f ( x) = n!n c +( n 1)!
(n )
++1n c ( x L a) − +
Sequences & Series 94
Evaluating each of these derivatives at x = a yields
f ( a) = 0c c0 = f( a)
f ′( a)= 1c c1 = f′( a)
f ′′( a)
f ′′( a) = 2 !2 c c2 =
2!
f ′′′( a)
f ′′′( a) = 3!3 c c3 =
3!
…
…
(n )
f ( a) = n!n c
(n ) f ( a)
cn =
n!
Sequences & Series 95
Definition
If f be a function with derivatives of all orders
throughout some interval containing a as an interior
point. Then the Taylor series generated by f at x = a
is
∞
f ( n ) ( a) ′′ f ( a) 2
f ( x) = ∑ ( x −an ) =f ( a ) ′ +f ( a)( x a−) + (x
n= 0 n! 2!
f ′′′( a) (n )
f ( a)
+ x( −a 3 ) L+ + x( an −) L +
3! n !
n =0 n! 2!
f ′′′(0) 3 f ( n)(0) n
+ x + ... + + x+ L
3! n!
y = P1 ( x)
y = cos x
P14
P2 P6 P10
∫
2
Approximate sin x dx
0