ReadingQuiz

A container of helium gas is

heated, raising the temperature
of the gas. This causes
the average kinetic energy of the gas
molecules to increase.
the average potential energy of the gas
molecules to increase.
the average acceleration of the gas
molecules to increase

The internal energy U of a system is increased by

the transfer of either heat or work into the system.

U Q W
FristLawofThermodynamics
InternalEnergy = AddedHeat Workdonebythesystem

A falling mass turns a paddle in an insulated beaker of

water in this schematic representation of Joules
apparatus for measuring the temperature increase
produced by doing mechanical work on a system.

Steam issuing from the kettle makes the pinwheel

turn in this simple steam turbine. Work could be
done to lift a small weight with such an engine.

Heat released by
burning gasoline in the
cylinder of an
automobile engine
causes the piston to
move, converting some
of the heat to work.

The internal energy U of a system is increased by

the transfer of either heat or work into the system.

ZerothLawofThermodynamics
Twoobjectsinthermalequilibiumhavethesametemperature

WhatisINTERNALENERGY?
Theinternalenergyofthesystemisthesum
ofthekineticandpotentialenergiesofthe
atomsandmoleculesmakingupthesystem.

TheFirstLawofThermodynamics:
Theincreaseintheinternalenergyofasystemis
equaltotheamountofheataddedtothesystem,
plustheamountofworkdoneonthesystem.
Theincreaseintheinternalenergyofasystemis
equaltotheamountofheataddedtothesystem,
minustheamountofworkdonebythesystem.
U=QW
Q=heataddtosystem
W=workdonebysystem

Quiz1

ThefirstLawofThermodynamics,U=QW,means:
A.Heatcannotbeaddedtoasystemwithoutworkbeing
done.
B.Workcannotbedonewithoutheatbeingadded.
C.Theamountofworkdonealwaysequalstheamount
ofheatadded.
D.Thetotalinternalenergyofasystemisconserved.
E.Alloftheabove
F.Noneoftheabovearetrue.
CHOOSETHETRUESTATEMENT.

Workdonebyamovablepiston

Work=Fxd=F/AxdxA=PV

Quiz2

1.
2.
3.
4.
5.

Ifthetemperatureofagasisheldconstant
duringcompressionorexpansionitis
called
Equationofstate
Isobaric
Isothermal
Thermalconductivity
convection

Convection
Motionofafluid

Quiz3
Heatcanbetransferredby
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.

ThermalConduction
Convection
Radiation
Alloftheabove
Noneoftheabove

HeadFlow

HeatTransfer

Whatisaheatengine?

Thermalheat

QHisintroducedintotheengine.

Someofthisisconvertedintomechanicalwork,

W.

Someheatisreleasedintotheenvironmentatalowertemperature,

QC.

WhatdoestheFirstLawtellusaboutheatengines?
U=QW=QHQCW
,theinternalenergyUofa
heatenginedoesnotchangefromcycletocycle,soU=0.
Hence,Q=W.
Thenetheatflowingintotheengineequalstheworkdoneby
theengine:
W=QHQC

TheSecondLawofThermodynamics
TheCarnotengineisanidealsystemwhichturnsouttohavethe
maximumpossibleefficiency:

IfTHisthehottesttemperatureintheengine,andT Cistemperature
outsidetheengine(inKelvin),thentheefficiencyis:
ec=(THTC)/TH
=W/QH

Thisshowsthatitisnotpossibletoohaveanefficiencyof100%.
Youalwayslosesomeenergyintoheatingtheenvironment.

ThiscanberestatedasaversionoftheSecondLaw:
Noengine,workinginacontinuouscycle,cantakeheatfrom
areservoiratasingletemperatureandconvertthatheat
completelyintowork.

ArestatementoftheSecondLawwhichturnsouttobe
equivalent:
Heatwillnotflowfromacolderbodytoahotterbody
unlesssomeotherprocess(whichdoeswork)isalso
involved.
Anotherrestatementtobediscussednexttime:
Theentropyofanisolatedsystemcanonlyincreaseor
remainconstant.Itsentropycannotdecrease.

AccordingtotheSecondLawofThermodynamics,
heatwillnotflowfromacolderbodytoawarmer
body.
1. True
2. False

AccordingtotheSecondLawofThermodynamics,
heatwillnotflowfromacolderbodytoawarmer
body.
1. True
2. False

A schematic representation
of a heat engine. Heat is
taken in at high
temperatures, TH. Some
heat is converted to work,
and the remainder is
released at a lower
temperature, TC.

The arrow widths depict the quantities of

energy in the sample exercise in box 11.1.

Theefficiencyofaheatengineisdefinedas
e=W/QH.
Enginesaremoreefficientifthereisalarge
differencebetweenthehightemperatureinside
andthelowtemperatureoutside.
Foranidealheatengine,
ec=(THTC)/TH

Atfirstappearencethepsychrometricchartisquiteconfusing,howeverwithsomepracticeitbecomes
anextremelyusefultoolforrapidlyevaluatingairconditioningprocesses.Themostpopularchartin
commonusageisthatdevelopedbyASHRAE(AmericanSocietyofHeating,RefrigerationandAir
ConditioningEngineers),howeverwefeelthattheconstructionofasimplifiedversionofthechart
basedonapproximationsofthevariousequationscanbeaveryusefultoolfordevelopingan
understandingofit'susage.ThisapproachwassuggestedbyMagedElShaarawiinhisarticle"Onthe
PsychrometricChart"publishedintheASHRAETransactions(Paper#3736,Vol100,Part1,1994)and
inspiredustoproducethefollowingsimplifiedpsychrometricchart:

Thebasicinformationusedtoconstructthechartisthewatervaporsaturationdata(Tsat,Pg)whichisobtainedfrom
steamtablesovertherangefromTsat=0.01Cthrough50C.Thespecifichumidityisthenevaluatedusing
therelativehumidityasaparametertoproducethevariousrelativehumiditycurves( bluelines)asfollows:

wherePisthestandardatmosphericpressure101.325[kPa].
Thesaturationcurve(100%relativehumidity)alsoknownasthedewpointcurveisdrawnasaredline.
Noticethatonthesaturationcurvethewetanddrybulbtemperatureshavethesamevalues.
Themajorsimplifyingassumptionintheconstructionofthechartisthattheenthalpyofthemixtureisassumedtobe
constant
throughouttheadiabaticsaturationprocess(describedinSectiona).Thisimpliesthattheevaporatingliquidadded
doesnotsignificantlyaffecttheenthalpyoftheairvapormixture,
leadingtotheconstantslopewetbulbtemperature/enthalpy(red)linesdefinedby:

Notethatonthe=0axis(dryair)h=T[C]
Finally,thespecificvolumeoftheairvapormixture(greenlines)isdeterminedfromtheidealgasrelationas

wherethegasconstantRair=0.287[kJ/kg.K]

Itisnormalpracticetoseparateouttheoverlappingenthalpy/wetbulb
temperaturelinesallowingthemtobeseparatelyevaluated.Thusweintroduce
anobliqueenthalpyaxisandenthalpy(black)linesasfollows:

SolvedProblem10.1Assumethattheoutsideairtemperatureis32Cwitharelativehumidity=
60%.Usethepsychrometriccharttodeterminethespecifichumidity[18gmmoisture/kgair],the
enthalpyh[78kJ/kgair],thewetbulbtemperatureTwb[25.5C],thedewpointtemperatureTdp
[23C],andthespecificvolumeofthedryairv[0.89m3/kg].Indicateallthevaluesdeterminedonthe
chart.

SolvedProblem10.2:Assumethattheoutsideairtemperatureis8C.Iftheairinaroomisat25C
witharelativehumidity=40%,usethepsychrometriccharttodetermineifthewindowsofthatroom
whichareincontactwiththeoutsidewillbecomefoggy.

Theairincontactwiththewindowswillbecomecolderuntilthedewpointisreached.Noticethat
undertheconditionsof25Cand40%relativehumiditythedewpointtemperatureisslightlyhigher
than10C,Atthatpointthewatervaporcondensesasthetemperatureapproaches8Calongthe
saturationline,andthewindowswillbecomefoggy.

OneofthemajorapplicationsofthePsychrometricChartisinairconditioning,andwefindthatmost
humansfeelcomfortablewhenthetemperatureisbetween22Cand27C,andtherelativehumidity
between40%and60%.Thisdefinesthe"comfortzone"whichisportrayedonthePsychrometricChartas
shownbelow.Thuswiththeaidofthechartweeitherheatorcool,addmoistureordehumidifyas
requiredinordertobringtheairintothecomfortzone.

SolvedProblem10.3:Outsideairat35Cand60%relativehumidityistobeconditionedbycoolingand
heatingsoastobringtheairtowithinthe"comfortzone".UsingthePsychrometricChartneatlyplotthe
requiredairconditioningprocessandestimate(a)theamountofmoistureremoved[11.5gH20/kgdry
air],(b)theheatremoved[(1)(2),qcool=48kJ/kgdryair],and(c)theamountofheatadded[(2)(3),qheat
=10kJ/kgdryair].

SolvedProblem10.4::Hotdryairat40Cand10%relativehumiditypassesthroughanevaporativecooler.
Waterisaddedastheairpassesthroughaseriesofwicksandthemixtureexitsat27C.Usingthe
psychrometricchartdetermine(a)theoutletrelativehumidity[45%],(b)theamountofwateradded[5.4g
H20/kgdryair],and(c)thelowesttemperaturethatcouldberealized[18.5C].