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14 December 2014
Metallic Bonding
Ionic Bonding
Four States of Matter
LB Taclan, PhD
Metallic Bonding
12 of
of 20
17
He
Be
Ne
Na Mg
Al
Si
Cl
Ar
Cr Mn Fe Co Ni Cu Zn Ga Ge As Se Br
Kr
Ca Sc
Rb Sr
Ti
Zr Nb Mo Tc Ru Rh Pd Ag Cd
Cs Ba La Hf
Fr Ra Ac
Ta
Re Os
Ir
In
Pt Au Hg Tl
Rf Db Sg Bh Hs Mt Ds Rg
Sn Sb Te
Xe
Pb
Bi
Po
At Rn
Metallic bonding
Atoms of metals are tightly packed together in a giant
lattice similar to the lattice in ionic compounds.
metal
atoms
ions
sea of free
electrons
Properties of metals:
conductivity
force
Metal Grains
Layers of atoms can slip over each other in metal grains when a
force is applied, but this slippage stops at grain boundaries.
grain boundary: where one
grain meets another
The smaller the grains, the shorter the distance the atom layers
can move. This means that metals with smaller grains are
stronger and harder than metals with larger grains.
The faster that molten metal is cooled, the smaller the grain
size.
Strengthening metals
force
Glossary
structure.
into a
different shape.
CHEMICAL BONDING
PART 1
IONIC BONDING
Elements
Elements are the simplest substances.
There are about 100 different elements
Each elements has just one particular
type of atom that is different to the
atoms in any other element
S
Fe
N
O
K
N
N
N
N
Compounds
Compounds are formed when
different elements chemically react
together.
In these reactions different types of
atom become chemically bonded.
Like elements some compounds
have small simple structures with
just a few atoms bonded together
Other compounds have large,
complex structures containing
thousands or even millions of
bonded atoms.
Water a simple
structure
Carbon
C
(black solid)
COMPOUND
Carbon dioxide
oxygen
O
(colourless gas,
that supports
combustion)
Activity
Copy the Table and fill in the last column.
Name
Sodium chloride
Nickel
Copper sulphate
Water
Oxygen
Rust
Mercury
Sand
Formula
Element or compound
NaCl
compound
Ni
element
CuSO4
compound
H2O
compound
O2
element
Fe2O3
compound
Hg
element
SiO2
compound
Rust
consists of
iron
combined
with
oxygen
Electrons }
exist in layers (or shells) around the
outside of the nucleus
+1
Neutrons
Electrons -1
BUT atoms have equal numbers of protons and electrons. This means
their overall charge = zero.
For example
19
F
9
Fluorine
20
Ne
10
Neon Copy & Fill in the gaps
9 protons
9+
10+
10 protons ___
___
9 electrons
9-
10 electrons ___
10___
10 neutrons 0
0
___neutrons
___
10
Total Charge 0
2 electrons
3rd Shell:
8 electrons
Types of bonding
Atoms can be joined together in 3 possible
ways
Metal and
non-metal
Ionic Bonding
Non-metals
only
Covalent Bonding
Metals only
Metallic Bonding
IONIC BONDING
IONIC BONDING
Most ionic compounds contain a metal and a non-metal.
When metals react they lose outer shell electrons to leave a full electron
shell.
This produces a charged atom (ion) with a + charge.
Lose 1 or more
electrons
Neutral atom
n+
Positive ion
When non-metals react with a metal they gain electrons to achieve a full
electron shell.
Gain 1 or more
electrons
Neutral atom
n-
Negative ion
+
+
attract
opposites
And so on to
build a giant 3D lattice with
millions of
ions.
-+ +- -+ +- -+ +- + - + - +
+- -+ +- -+ +- -+
+ - + - + -+ +- -+ +- -+ +- + - + - +
++
-- +
- +
+ - ++ - + + - +
+
n+
n-
Na
Loses 1
electron
Na+
This only happens if there is another atom able to accommodate the lost
electron.
Cl
Gains 1 electron
(from sodium)
Cl
Na
Na
Cl
Cl
Na
Cl
Na
Cl
Mg
2.8.2.
Magnesium
atom
O
Magnesium Oxide
2.6
Oxygen
atom
O2-
Mg2+
2.8
2.8
Mg
O
Magnesium Oxide
Magnesium
atom
Oxygen
atom
Mg2+
O2-
Na
2.8.1.
Sodium
atom
Sodium Fluoride
2.7
Fluorine
atom
F-
Na+
2.8
2.8
Li
O
Li+
Li
O2-
Li+
Li
Li
Li+
Li
Li+
N3-
Al
Al
Activity
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
1 electron
Mg
2 electrons
This is not always the case.
Cl
Na+
Mg2+
Cl-
O2-
Na+
1 electron per
sodium
Na
O2Na+
ClMg2+
2 electrons
Cl
Cl-
Charges on ions
When atoms form ions they aim to attain electron
shells that are either completely full or completely
empty.
If we know the electron configuration of an atom we
can usually work out how many electrons it must lose
or gain to achieve a noble gas configuration.
This will tell us the charge on its ion.
Li
2.1
Li+
Mg
2.8.2
Mg2+
Al
2.8.3
Al3+
2.62.
8O
O2-
Cl
2.8.7 2.8.8
Cl Cl-
Activity
Copy out and fill in the Table below showing what charge
ions will be formed from the elements listed.
H
He
Be
Ne
Na Mg
Al
Si
Cl
Ar
Cr Mn Fe Co Ni Cu Zn Ga Ge As Se Br
Kr
Li
Ca Sc
Ti
Symbol
Li
Cl
Ca
Al
Br
Na
Ne
Outer
electrons
Charge
1+
3-
1-
2+
1+
3+
2-
1-
1+
Symbols:
Ca
Br
Charge on ions 2+
1Need more of
Br
Ratio of ions 1
2
Formula
CaBr2
Br-
Br
Ca2+
Ca
Br
2 electrons
Br-
Symbols:
Al
Br
Charge on ions 3+
1Need more of
Br
Ratio of ions 1
3
Formula
AlBr3
Br-
Br
Al
Br
3 electrons
Br
Al3+
BrBr-
Symbols:
Al
O
Charge on ions 3+
2Need more of
O
Ratio of ions 2
3 (to give 6 e-)
Formula
Al2O3
2eAl
O2-
O
Al3+
2eAl
O2-
O
Al3+
2e-
O2-
Activity
Using the method shown on the last few slides, work
out the formula of all the ionic compounds that you can
make from combinations of the metals and non-metals
shown below:
Metals:
Li Ca Na Mg Al K
Non-Metals: F O
Br
Cl
Formula
Charge
Atoms present
nitrate
NO3-
1-
sulphate
SO42-
2-
ammonium
NH4+
1+
hydroxide
OH-
1-
carbonate
CO32-
2-
Symbols:
Li
NO3-
2.
Charge on ions
1+
1-
3.
Need more of
4.
Ratio of ions 1
5.
Formula
neither
1
LiNO3
Symbols:
Mg
NO3-
2.
Charge on ions
2+
1-
3.
Need more of
4.
Ratio of ions 1
5.
Formula
NO32
Mg(NO3)2
The brackets around the NO3- ion show that the 2 refers to two complete
NO3- ions.
Symbols:
Na+
SO42-
2.
Charge on ions
1+
2-
3.
Need more of
Na+
4.
Ratio of ions 2
5.
Formula
1
Na2SO4
Symbols:
2.
Charge on ions
3.
Need more of
4.
Ratio of ions
5.
Formula
Al3+
OH-
3+
1OH-
3
Al(OH)3
1.
Symbols:
2.
Charge on ions
3.
Need more of
4.
Ratio of ions
5.
Formula
NH4+
SO42-
1+
2-
NH4+
2
1
(NH4)2SO4
Symbols:
2.
Charge on ions
3.
Need more of
4.
Ratio of ions
5.
Formula
Al3+
SO42-
3+
2-
3
Al2(SO4)3
lose
lattices
electrons
gain
metal
O
8
Na
11
Mn2O4
MnO2
Mn2O
MnO4
Ga2(SO4)3
Ga3(SO4)2
Ga2S3O12
Ga (SO4)3
STATES OF MATTER
The Four States of Matter
Four States
Solid
Liquid
Gas
Plasma
STATES OF MATTER
Based upon particle arrangement
Based upon energy of particles
Based upon distance between
particles
1. SOLIDS
Particles of solids are
tightly packed,
vibrating about a fixed
position.
Solids have a definite
shape and a definite
volume.
Heat
2. LIQUID
Particles of liquids
are tightly packed,
but are far enough
apart to slide over
one another.
Liquids have an
indefinite shape and
a definite volume.
Heat
3. GAS
Particles of
gases are very
far apart and
move freely.
Gases have an
indefinite shape
and an indefinite
volume.
Heat
PHASE CHANGES
Description of
Phase Change
Solid to Melting
liquid
Liquid
to solid
Freezing
PHASE CHANGES
Description of
Phase Change
Liquid to
gas
Gas to
liquid
Vaporization,
which
includes
boiling and
evaporation
Condensation
4. PLASMA
A plasma is an
ionized gas.
A plasma is a very
good conductor of
electricity and is
affected by
magnetic fields.
Plasmas, like
Plasma is the
gases have an
common state
indefinite shape
of matter
and an indefinite
volume.
Plasma Definition
Introduction
Plasma is a (partially) ionized gas in
which ions, electrons, and photons
are present as well as radicals and
molecules in an excited state
Plasma Definition
Introduction
Plasma is a (partially) ionized gas in
which ions, electrons, and photons
are present as well as radicals and
molecules in an excited state
Plasma Definition
Introduction
Currently in industry we use two
types of plasma.
Plasma generated in a vacuum or low
pressure plasma
Plasma generated at near atmospheric
pressure
Plasma Definition
Introduction
Plasma is also defined by the gas or
gases used to make up the plasma
Common gases used in generating
plasma in manufacturing today are:
oxygen, argon, nitrogen, hydrogen,
sulfur hexafluoride and many more
1. Flames
2. Lightning
3. Aurora (Northern
Lights)
Plasma Definition
Introduction
Cold plasma discharges are
generated by passing enough
electrical current through a gas to
cause the gas to change state
This electrical current often defines
the process to generate the type of
plasma: radio frequency, microwave,
inductively coupled, and pulsed
direct current
Introduction to Surfaces
Surfaces commonly found in
manufacturing that are plasma
treated are defined by their
composition
Examples of common materials:
metals, plastics, rubber, elastomers,
polymers, glass, ceramics, powders
and liquids
Introduction to Surfaces
There are virtually no size or shape
limitations when it comes to plasma
processing
Plasma systems are built to process
something as small as a contact lens
or as large as an aircraft wing
Plasma conforms to the shape of the
articles or items it surrounds
Introduction to Surfaces
Surfaces can also be treated when
moving
Surfaces are treated during in-line
process
Surfaces are treated when tumbled
Surfaces are treated in roll to roll
Surfaces like powders or liquids
Plasma Applications
for Manufacturing
Plasma Clean
Plasma Activate
Plasma Etch
Plasma Deposition/Coating
Plasma Applications
for Manufacturing
Plasma Clean
Inorganic Compounds
- oils, mold release, polymer bleed, drill
smear, fingerprints, solder flux, carbon ash
Inorganic
- metal oxides, metal oxide reduction
Decontamination
- extracellular debris, pyrogens, proteins,
DNA, RNA
Plasma Applications
for Manufacturing
Plasma Activate
Surface Activation THE MOST COMMON
(raise the surface energy)
Surface Passivation
Plasma Applications
for Manufacturing
Plasma Etch
Chemical Etch
Physical Etch
Plasma Applications
for Manufacturing
Plasma Deposition/Coating
Hydrophobic (does not like water)
- Fabrics, Footwear, Electronics, Medical
Devices
Hydrophilic (likes water)
- Fabrics, Contact Lenses, Medical Devices
Oleophobic (does not like oil)
- Electronics, Optics, Marine Products
Conclusions
Plasma processing in manufacturing
is: safe, clean, and cost effective
Plasma equipment and technical
experts are available
Plasma processing increases: quality,
productivity, and profit
STATES OF MATTER
SOLID
Tightly packed,
in a regular
pattern
Vibrate, but do
not move from
place to place
LIQUID
Close together
with no regular
arrangement.
Vibrate, move
about, and slide
past each other
GAS
Well separated
with no regular
arrangement.
Vibrate and
move freely at
high speeds
PLASMA
Has no definite
volume or
shape and is
composed of
electrical
charged
particles