DEEP

FOUNDATIONS
BRAJA M. DAS

Qp Ap (c Nc* q Nq* )
Qs = (p)(L)f
Granular Soil
c = 0
Qp Apq Nq*
Cohesive Soil

= 0
Qp Apcu Nc*
Nc* 9

GRANULAR SOIL
Meyerhof (1976)
Qp Apq Nq* Apql
ql 0.5pa Nq* tan
Pa = atmospheric pressure

L
ql 0.4pa N 60
4pa N 60
D
N60 10D above and 4D below pile point

Coyle and Castello (1981)

Qs p Lf
f Ko tan
f f z L

(z 0 L)
(z L)

Pile type

Bored or jetted

Ko = 1 sin

Low-displacement
driven

Ko = 1 sin to 1.4 Ko
= 1.4(1 sin )

High-displacement Ko = 1 sin to 1.8 Ko

driven
= 1.8(1 sin )

Meyerhof (1975)
Qs = P fav L
f av 0.02pa N60
(high displacement pile)
f av 0.01pa N60
(low displacement pile)

Coyle and
Castello
(1981)
Qs (K o tan )pL

0.8

Clay ( = 0)
Side resistance

Method
Qs pLfav
fav ( o 2cu )

Embedment
length, L (m)

0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
50
60
70
80
90

0.5
0.336
0.245
0.200
0.173
0.150
0.136
0.132
0.127
0.118
0.113
0.110
0.110
0.110

(1985)

Randolph and Murphy

Qs cu p L
Method:

 Method:
f o

o = vertical effective stress

= K tanR
R = drained angle of remolded clay
K = earth pressure coefficient
K 1 sinR
(for normallyconsolidat
edclays)
K (1 sinR ) OCR
(for overconsol
idatedclays)
OCR = overconsolidation ratio

 Method:

f (1 sinR )tanR o
(for normallyconsolidat
edclays)

f (1 sinR )tanR OCRo

(for overconsol
idatedclays)

Elastic Settlement of Piles

Vesic (1977)
se = se(1) + se(2) = se(3)
se(1) = elastic settlement of pile
se(2) = settlement of pile caused by the
load
at the pile tip
se(3) = settlement of pile caused by the
load
transmitted along the pile
shaft

se (1)

(Qwp Qws )L

Ap Ep

Qwp = load carried at the pile point

under
working load conditions
Qws = load carried by frictional (skin)
resistance under working load
condition
Ap = area of cross section of pile
L = length of pile
Ep = modulus of elasticity of the pile
material
= 0.5 to 0.7

se (2)

qwpD

(1 s2 ) I wp
Es

D = width or diameter of pile

qwp = point load per unit area at the
pile
point = Qwp /Ap
Es = modulus of elasticity at or below
the
pile point
s = Poissons ratio of soil
Iwp = influence factor 0.85

se (2)

QwpC p

Dqp

qp = ultimate point resistance of the

pile
Cp = an empirical coefficient
Driven
Bored
Type of soil
pile
pile
Sand (dense to
0.020.09loose)
0.04
0.18
Clay (stiff to soft)
0.020.030.03
0.06
Silt (dense to
loose)
0.030.090.05
0.12

se (3)

Qws D

(1 s2 ) I ws

pL Es

p = perimeter of the pile

L = embedded length of pile
Iws = influence factor
L
I ws 1 0.35
D
Qws Cs
se (3)
L qp
L
C s 0.93 0.16
Cp
D

Negative Skin Friction

fn K o tan
K earth pressure coefficien t
Ko 1 sin
o vertical effective stress
at any depth z f z
f effective unit weigh t of fill
soil - pile friction angle
0.5 - 0.7
Hence, total downward drag
force on a pile :
Hf

Qn ( pK f tan )z dz
0

pK fHf2 tan

 L Hf L Hf f Hf

L1

2

L1
2 f Hf

L1

Qn pfn dz
0
L1

pK ( f Hf z ) tan dz
0

( pK f Hf tan )L 1
L21 pK tan

2
K 1 sin
0.5 0.7

Oslo, Norway Harbor

Bjerrum et al. (1972)

GROUP PILES: Sand

Kishida and Meyerhof (1965)

Qs pcu L
Qu n1n2 [9Apcu ( p ) pcu L]
*
Qu Lg Bg cu ( p )Nc

2(Lg Bg )cu L

Elastic Settlement of Pile Groups

Vesic: Sg (e )

Bg

Se
D

Se = settlement of each pile at comparable

load
D = pole diameter
____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

Meyerhof (1976): Sand

Gravel
0.96qand
Bg (m)
Sg (e ) (mm)
I
N60
L
I 1
8Bg

Qgbelow tip
N60 average for
B
q g (kN/m2 )
Lg Bg

Sc ( i )

Qg
(Bg z )(Lg z )

ei

Hi
1

e
o (i )

Sc ( g ) Sc (i )

DRILLED SHAFTS
1. A single drilled shaft may be used instead of
a group of piles and the pile cap.
2. Constructing drilled shafts in deposits of
dense sand and gravel is easier than driving
piles.
3. Drilled shafts may be constructed before
grading operations are completed.
4. When piles are driven by a hammer, the
ground vibration may cause damage to
nearby structures. The use of drilled shafts
avoids this problem.
5. Piles driven into clay soils may produce
ground heaving and cause previously driven
piles to move laterally. This does not occur
during the construction of drilled shafts.

6. There is no hammer noise during the

construction of drilled shafts; there is
during pile driving.
7. Because the base of a drilled shaft can be
enlarged, it provides great resistance to
the uplifting load.
8. The surface over which the base of the
drilled shaft is constructed can be visually
inspected.
9. The construction of drilled shafts generally
utilizes mobile equipment which, under
proper soil conditions, may proved to be
more economical than methods of
constructing pile foundations.
10. Drilled shafts have high resistance to
lateral loads.

DRILLED SHAFTS:
Methods of Construction

1. Dry method of construction

2. Casing method of construction
3. Wet method of construction

Drilled Shafts: Dry Method

Drilled Shafts: Dry Method

Drilled Shafts: Casing Method

Drilled Shafts: Casing Method

Drilled Shafts: Casing Method

Drilled Shafts: Casing Method

Drilled Shafts: Wet Method

Drilled Shafts: Wet Method

A Typical Rock Auger

Drilling with Drilling Mud

A Typical Clean-Out Bucket

Reinforcement Cage

Ultimate Bearing Capacity

Qp (net) Ap [c Nc Fcs Fcd Fcc q (Nq 1)Fqs Fqd Fqc
Nq
Fcs 1
Nc
Fqs 1 tan
Fcd Fqd
Fqd

1 Fqd

Nc tan

1 2 tan (1 sin ) tan

Db
1

Calculation of Fcc and Fqc

Chen and Kulhawy (1994)
I rc
Critical rigidity index:

0.5 exp 2.85 cot 45

2

Ir
I rr
Reduced rigidity index:
1 I r
whereI r

Es
soilrigidityindex
2(1 s )q tan

in which
Es = drained modulus of elasticity of soil

s = drained Poissons ratio of soil

= volumetric strain within the plastic zone
during loading

Calculation of Fcc and Fqc

Chen and Kulhawy (1994)
If Irr Irc, then
Fcc = Fqc = 1
However, if Irr < Irc, then
Fcc Fqc

1 Fqc

Nc tan

and
Fqc

(3.07 sin )(log10 2I rr

exp (3.8 tan )

1 sin

Granular Soil
Qp (net) Ap q (Nq* 1)Fqs Fqd Fqc

E
m
pa
200- 300 (mediumdensesoil)

500- 1000(densesoil)

25
s 0.1 0.3

20

25 q

0.005 1

20 pa

Berezantzev et al. (1961)

Qp (net) Ap q (Nq* 1)
Nq* 0.21e 0.17
L

f
Db

L1

L1

Qs p f dz Ds (1 sin ) o tan dz

0.7 to 0.8

Load Bearing Capacity Based on

Settlement
Reese and ONeill (1989)
N

Qu (net) fi pLi qp Ap
i 1

192 kN/m2
fi ozi

1.5 0.244z i0.5 (0.25 1.2)

(z in meters)
qp (kN/m ) 57.5N 60 4310kN/m
(for Db 1.27 m)
2

N 60 averagewithina distanceof 2Db

Normalized base-load transfer versus settlement in sand

Rollins et al. (2005)

Sand with 25% to 50% gravel:

2.0 0.15z i0.75

(0.25 1.5)

z is in meters

Sand with more than 50% gravel:

3.4e
z is in meters

0.085z i

(0.25 3.0)

Clay ( = 0)
Qp (net) Ap cu Nc Fcs Fcd Fcc
For L 3Db :

Qp (net) Ap cu Nc*
Nc* 1.33 (lnI r ) 1
Es
I r soilrigidityindex
3cu

Based on ONeill and Reese (1999)

L1

Qs *cu p L
L0

pa
1
0.21 0.25
cu
*

(Kulhawy and Jackson)

Conservatively, * = 0.4

Based on Settlement
Reese and ONeill (1989)
n

Qu (net) fi p Li qp Ap
i 1

fi i* cu

i* 0 for top1.5mandbottomonediameterDs
0.55 elsewhere
qp

(kN/m2 )

L
9cub 3830kN/m2
6cub 1 0.2
Db