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Picornaviruses
Classification
of
Picornaviruses
Genus
Species
Antigenic
types
Poliovirus
1,2,3
Coxsackievirus
Enterovirus
Coxsackie A
Coxsackie B
1-22,24
1-6
Echovirus
1-9,11-27,24-27
Enterovirus
68-71
Parechovirus
Parechovirus
1,2
Rhinovirus
Rhinovirus
1-113
Hepatovirus
Hepatitisvirus
Aphthovirus
Cardiovirus
Properties of
Picornaviruses
Property
Size (nm)
Capsid
form
Polypeptide
RNA type
Picornaviruses
22-30
Icosahedral
VP1, VP2, VP3,
VP4
SS-PS
Poliovirus
Morphology
Polioviruses
These viruses have affinity to
nervous tissue
Poliovirus is causative agent of
Poliomyelitis
Important Characteristics
Size: 27-30 nm
60 capsomeres in
icosahedral
symmetry
Each capsomere is
made up of four
virion proteins VP1,
VP2, VP3, and VP4
Type 1-3
Antigenic properties
On the basis of neutralisation tests
Three types 1,2 and 3
Type 1 most common and causes epidemics. Type
3 also causes epidemics but to a lesser extent
Type 2 commonly causes paralytic poliomyelitis
Each type contains C and D antigens
C antigen: Coreless antigen, cross-reactive in all
types.
D antigen: Dense antigen, also called Native (N)
antigen, type specific
Pathogenesis
1. Source of infection: Only man, apparent and
2.
3.
4.
5.
Virus
Mouth
Multiplies in
lymphatic tissues of
oropharynx and intestine
Blood stream
Destroys the
Spinal cord and brain
anterior horn cells of
spinal cord
Clinical Syndromes
Asymptomatic illness: 90%
Abortive poliomyelitis, the minor illness: 5%
infected people
Nonparalytic poliomyelitis or aseptic
meningitis: 1%-2% of patients with poliovirus
infections.
Paralytic polio, the major illness: 0.1% to
2%of persons with poliovirus. Paralysis may
be classified as spinal, bulbar and bulbospinal
Immunity
sIgA and neutralizing antibody (IgG,
IgA, IgM) persist for life span
Lab Diagnosis
Specimens: stool (through out the
disease), CSF, Oropharyngeal secretions
(first 3-5 days), Spinal cord and Brain at
autopsy
Direct demonstration of virus in stool
can be done by electron or immune
electron microscopy.
Isolation of virus: Primary monkey
kidney cells and HeLa cells.
CPE in the form of rounding of cells is
usually evident within 36 hours
neutralizing Test
CFT
Prophylaxis
Two types of vaccines:
1.Oral polio vaccine(OPV) live attenuated,
(Sabin, 1957) and
2.Killed poliovirus vaccine(IPV)Salk, 1954
IPV is used for adult immunization and
Immunocompromised patients
Genetic markers
Marker
Property
Wild
strain
Vaccine
strain
d
marker
Growth in low
levels of
bicarbonate
Good
Poor
rct 40
Growth at
40C
Good
Poor
MS
Growth in
Good
Monkey kidney
cell line
Poor
OPV
Advantages
Effectiveness
Lifelong immunity
Induction of secretory antibody response
similar to that of natural infection
Possibility of attenuated virus circulating in
community by spread to contacts (indirect
immunization)(herd immunity)
Ease of administration
Lack of need for repeated boosters
Disadvantages
Risk of vaccine-associated poliomyelitis in
vaccine recipients or contacts
Unsafe administration for immunodeficient
patients
IPV
Advantages
Good stability during transport and in
storage
Safe administration in immunodeficient
patients
No risk of vaccine-related disease
Disadvantages
Lack of induction of local (gut) immunity
Need for booster vaccine for lifelong
immunity
Fact that higher community immunization
levels are needed than with live vaccine
Eradication of Polio
Poliomyelitis can be eradicated as
o man is the only host.
o a long-term carrier state is not
known
o appropriate and effective vaccine
available
COXSACKIE VIRUSES
Introduction
Coxsackievirus are distinguished from other
Enteroviruses by their pathogenecity for suckling
rather than adult mice. They are divided into 2
groups on the basis of the lesions observed in
suckling mice.
Features of coxsackievirus
infection in the labortory
Types
Growth in MK
cell culture
Effect in
sucking
mice
Coxsackie A virus
Paralysis
Coxsackie B virus
Spasticity
1-24
1-6
+ (7 & 9)
+
MK , monkey kidney
*
Coxsackievirus A23 now classified as echovirus 9
Features of coxsackievirus
infection in man
Coxsackievirus A 1-24
Aseptic meningitis
Herpangina (Vesicular pharyngitis)
Hand-foot-and-mouth disease
Coxsackievirus B 1-6
HAND/FOOT/MOUTH
Laboratory diagnosis
Specimens: feaces, and from site of
lesion.
Virus isolation: Suckling mice are
inoculated and observed for disease.
Tissue culture: Monkey kidney cell
ECHO Viruses
Enteric Cytopathic Human Orphan viruses
Orphan viruses: Thought to be unrelated to
any particular disease.
32 antigenic types
Inhabit alimentary tract and spread by
faeco-oral route
Causes: 1. Aseptic meningitis
2. Rash
3.Conjunctivits
4. Upper Respiratory Tract Infection
Enteroviruses 68-71
Serotype
68
69
70
71
Disease
Pneumoniae and bronchitis
Acute hemorrhagic
conjunctivitis
Meningitis and encephalitis
Cultivation:
Human or Monkey cell cultures.
Classified as:
M (Monkey) strains: can grow in both
human and monkey cells
H (Human) strains: grow only in human
cells.
O strains: can grow only in nasal or
tracheal ciliated epithelium.
Pathogenesis
Man is the only natural host.
Cause common cold. Infection transmitted
by droplets. Patient develops profuse
watery discharge with nasal obstruction,
sneezing, fever headache etc.
Other viruses causing common cold:
i. Corona viruses
ii. Respiratory syncitial virus
iii.Parainfluenza viruses
iv.Adenoviruses
v. ECHO viruses