Prepared by :

En. Muhd Fazli b. Dollah

SP Integrasi Gopeng

LEARNING OUTCOMES
To state the necessity for
the production of new cells
in organisms,
To explain the necessity for
the production of new cells
identical to parent cells,
To state the significance of
mitosis,
To identify the phases in the
cell cycle,

MITOSIS
A type of cell division which
involve the division of the
nucleus to produce two
daughter cells, each
contain same number &
same kind of chromosome
as the parent cell
Occurs in all somatic cells
except gametes.

 In unicellular organisms for asexual

reproduction. (Amoeba sp.)
Multicellular organisms to generate
new cells to replace dead & damaged
cells, for growth & development
Somatic cells contain 2 sets of
chromosomes, 1 set from female parent,
1 set from male parent diploid(2n)
Single set of unpaired chromosome
haploid (n)
Each somatic cells produce 2 new diploid
cells identical to the parent cell

Examples number of
chromosomes

ORGANISM

SOMATIC CELL
(2n)

GAMETE CELL
(n)

Human

46

23

Camel

70

35

Goat

60

30

Porcupine

34

17

Bat

44

22

Squirrel

40

20

House fly

12

Chicken

78

39

Alligator

32

16

Mosquito

Pea

14

SIGNIFICANCE OF
MITOSIS
For growth, repair & replaces cells
that are dead or damaged
A form of asexual reproduction to
increase the number of organisms
To ensure that the offsprings/new
cells are genetically identical to
the parent.
Preserves the diploid number of
chromosomes

The
Cell
Cycle

INTERPHASE (G1, S, G2)

G1 : Growth phase 1
The cell growth by producing
proteins & cytoplasmic organelles
S : Synthesis
Synthesis of DNA, chromosomes
are duplicated & DNA has
replicated to form 2 identical sister
chromatids joined together by
centromere
G2 : Growth phase 2
Cell growth & cell differentiation
occur
M PHASE(Cell Division)
Mitosis : nucleus divides
Cytokinesis : division of cytoplasm

LEARNING OUTCOMES
To explain the process of
mitosis & cytokinesis,
To arrange the various
stages of mitosis in the
correct sequence,
To compare and contrast
mitosis & cytokinesis in
animal cell & plant cell

STAGE OF
MITOSIS

Divided into four phase :

PROPHASE, METAPHASE,
ANAPHASE & TELOPHASE
Nucleus divides
cytokinesis (cytoplasm
divides)

PROPHASE

Centrioles move apart to

opposite poles
The chromosomes coil up,
condense & shorten
Two identical chromatids
(sister chromatids) appears,
attached at centromere
Nuclear membrane breaks
down
Nucleolus disappears
Spindle fibres begin to form
extend between the centrioles.

METAPHA
SE

The chromosomes move

to the cells equator
The chromosomes line up
along the equator of the
cell with the
centromeres attached to
the spindle fibres
Each chromatid of the
chromosome faces its
own pole
Metaphase ends when
the centromeres divide

ANAPHASE

The centromere of each

chromosome divides into two
The sister chromatids of each
chromosome separate and move
to opposite poles of the cell
The spindle fibres pull the
centromere toward each pole
with the chromatid arms trailing
behind
When the chromatids reach
their respective poles, the
chromatids become
independent chromosomes.

TELOPHA
SE

Final stage of mitosis

Two sets of chromosomes,
one at each pole
Chromosomes start to uncoil
& revert to their extended
state.
Less visible under the
microscope
Spindle fibres begin to
disappear
Nuclear membrane begin to
form around each
chromosomes. 2 daughter
nuclei are formed
Cytokinesis occurs at the end
of telophase

CYTOKINESIS
The division of cytoplasm.
Animal cell = actin filaments in the
cytoplasm contracts to pull a ring of the
plasma membrane inwards to form a
cleavage furrow the cell is separated
into 2 daughter cells.
Plant cell = starts with the formation of
cell plate at the equator of the cell cell
plate enlarge new cell wall is formed
2 daughter cells are produced.

OVERALL PROCESS OF MITOSIS

LEARNING OUTCOMES
To explain the importance of
controlled mitosis,
To explain the effects of
uncontrolled mitosis in living
things,
To describe the application of
knowledge on mitosis in
cloning,
To explain the advantages &
disadvantages of cloning.

 Cell cycle is controlled by

REGULATION
genes of the chromosomes

OF
THE
CELL
CYCLE

Each type of cell has its own

timing & rate of cell division
(controlled mitosis)
Uncontrolled mitosis happen
when the genes that regulate
the cell cycle is mutated or
damaged
May be caused by too much
exposure to carcinogens
(cancer-causing agent).

 Tumor : the number of

abnormal cells produced
REGULATION
increase very quickly

OF
tumor : abnormal
THE Benign
cells remain at the
CELL original site
CYCLE Malignant tumor : tumor

becomes invasive & spread

to neighbouring tissues,
impairing the functions of
one or more organs
cancer

APPLICATION OF KNOWLEDGE
ON MITOSIS IN CLONING
To increase the
quantity of the
product
To improve the
quality, to produce
new species & to
ensure uniformity
in the traits of the
plants

CLONING
A natural process asexual
reproduction of unicellular organisms
Contain same genetic content &
chromosomal number with one
another as well as with the parent
organism
CLONING : A TECHNIQUE / the process
of producing clones or genetically
identical organisms through
asexually reproduction.

CLONING / GENETIC
ENGINEERING
A highly artificial form of asexual
reproduction based on mitosis
The offspring is produced by mitosis
from a diploid cell
The transfer of the nucleus from a
somatic cell to an ovum or embryonic
cell with the nucleus removed.

TISSUE
CULTURE

A technique in
reproduction which
involves the
transfer of tissues
or cells from an
organism into a
suitable culture
medium to produce
a whole new
organism (identical
to the existing
organism) clone

AN OUTLINE OF PLANT
TISSUE CULTURE
Sterilised apparatus & materials
The surface of a leaf is sterilised
with ethanol / dilute sodium
hypochlorite solution Small
pieces of tissue (explants)
culture medium a callus (an
undifferentiated mass of tissue)
formed (mitosis) embryos
plantlets transferred to
the soil adult plants

ADVANTAGES
- Produced in a short time (increase quantity)
- The good qualities of the plants/ animals can
be selected & maintained in the clones
- Increases the rate of production & the quality
of the product
- Ensure the continuity of hereditary traits from
parent to the clones
- Can be carried out any time of the year

DISADVANTAGES
1. The resistance of the clones towards
diseases & pests is the same. 1 infected
with a disease/pests, all the clones will also
affected. Lead to the extinction of the
species.
2. Carried out under controlled environment.
External environment changes, the will be
destroyed
3. Prevents natural selection
4. No variation