Digestive System Functions:

Digestion & Absorption

Alimentary canal

Accessory digestive organs

Mouth

Teeth

Pharynx

Tongue

Esophagus

Gallbladder

Stomach

Salivary glands

Small intestine

Liver

Large intestine

Pancreas

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The Digestive Tract

1.

3.

2.
4.

5.
6.

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Figure 23.1

Taking food in

Catabolic
rxns

Contraction/relaxation

movement of nutrients from the

GI tract to the blood or lymph

Waste
elimination
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InterActive Physiology:
Motility, pages 3-5
Figure 23.2

Peristalsis and Segmentation

Peristalsis pushes food thru in

1 direction
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Segmentation- back &

forth; mixing & propulsion
Figure 23.3

Intrinsic/Extrinsic Control of the GI Tract

InterActive Physiology:
Control of the Digestive System,
pages 3-8

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Figure 23.4

Peritoneum and Peritoneal Cavity

smaller

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Figure 23.5a

Peritoneum and Peritoneal Cavity

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Figure 23.5b

Blood Supply: Splanchnic Circulation

Arteries:

Organs served:

Hepatic, splenic, left gastric

Spleen, liver, stomach

Inferior and superior

mesenteric

Small and large intestines

Hepatic portal circulation:

Collects nutrient rich venous blood from
digestive visera & delivers it to liver for
metabolism
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Histology of the Alimentary Canal

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Figure 23.6

Layers of Alimentary Canal: Mucosa

Stuctures:
1.Epithelium- Simple columnar epithelium, goblet cells
2. Lamina propria- areolar, lymphoid
3. Muscularis mucosae- local movements of mucosa

Functions:
1. Secretion of mucus-Protects organs from auto digestion
2. Absorption of end products of digestion
3. Protection against infectious disease
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Layers of Alimentary Canal:

Submucosa dense connective tissue;

Elastic fibers

Blood, lymphatic vessels, lymph nodes, nerves

Muscularis externa circular, longitudinal muscle

Segmentation

Peristalsis

Serosa protective visceral peritoneum

Replaced by the fibrous adventitia in the esophagus

Retroperitoneal organs have both an adventitia and serosa

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Enteric Nervous System

2 intrinsic nerve plexuses:

Submucosal nerve plexus regulates glands and

smooth muscle in the mucosa

Myenteric nerve plexus Major nerve supply that

controls GI tract mobility

Segmentation and peristalsis are largely automatic

involving local reflex arcs

Linked to the CNS via long autonomic reflex arc

PLAY

InterActive Physiology:
Control of the Digestive System, page 5

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Mouth

Oral or buccal cavity:

lips, cheeks, palate, tongue

stratified squamous epithelium

PLAY

gums, hard palate, dorsum of tongue keratinized

InterActive Physiology:
Anatomy Review, page 4

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Anatomy of the Oral Cavity: Mouth

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Figure 23.7a

Oral Cavity and Pharynx: Anterior View

Tongue tied

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Figure 23.7b

Tongue

Functions:

Gripping, repositioning food

Mixing food with saliva, forming the bolus

Initiation of swallowing, and speech

Intrinsic muscles- change tongue shape

Extrinsic muscles- change tongues position

Lingual frenulum- secures the tongue to the floor

of the mouth; short= tongue tied; surgical repair

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Tongue

Superior surface bears three types of papillae

Filiform give the tongue roughness and provide

friction (ice cream cones)

Taste buds in:

Fungiform scattered widely over the tongue

and give it a reddish hue

Circumvallate V-shaped row in back of tongue

Foliate- function in childhood

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Tongue

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Figure 23.8

Salivary Glands

Produce and secrete saliva that:

Cleanses the mouth

Moistens and dissolves food chemicals

Aids in bolus formation

Contains enzymes that break down starch

Extrinsics: Parotid, Submandibular, Sublingual; digestion

Intrinsic: Throughout the oral mucosa; moisture

Serous cells- make saliva

Mucus cells- make mucus

Strong sympathetic stimulus= dry mouth

InterActive Physiology:
Secretion, pages 3-5

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Salivary Glands

1.
MUMPS

3.

2.

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Figure 23.9a

Saliva: Source and Composition

97-99.5% water, hypo-osmotic, slightly acidic

solution containing

Electrolytes Na+, K+, Cl, PO42, HCO3

Digestive enzyme salivary amylase

Proteins mucin, lysozyme, defensins, and IgA

Metabolic wastes urea and uric acid

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Teeth

Primary and permanent dentitions have formed by

age 21

Primary 20 deciduous teeth that erupt at intervals

between 6 and 24 months

Permanent enlarge and develop causing the root

of deciduous teeth to be resorbed and fall out
between the ages of 6 and 12 years

All but the third molars have erupted by the end of

adolescence

Usually 32 permanent teeth

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Deciduous Teeth

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Figure 23.10.1

Permanent Teeth

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Figure 23.10.2

Dental Formula: Permanent Teeth

A shorthand way of indicating the number and

relative position of teeth

Written as ratio of upper to lower teeth for the

mouth

Primary: 2I (incisors), 1C (canine), 2M (molars)

Permanent: 2I, 1C, 2PM (premolars), 3M

2I
2I

1C
1C

2PM
2PM

3M
3M

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2 (32 teeth)

Tooth Structure

Two main regions crown and the root

Crown exposed part of the tooth above the

gingiva

Enamel acellular, brittle material composed of

calcium salts and hydroxyapatite crystals; the
hardest substance in the body

Encapsules the crown of the tooth

Root portion of the tooth embedded in the

jawbone

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Tooth Structure

Neck constriction where the crown and root

come together

Cementum calcified connective tissue

Covers the root

Attaches it to the periodontal ligament

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Tooth Structure

Periodontal ligament

Anchors the tooth in the alveolus of the jaw

Forms the fibrous joint called a gomaphosis

Gingival sulcus depression where the gingiva

borders the tooth

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Tooth Structure

Dentin bonelike material deep to the enamel cap

that forms the bulk of the tooth

Pulp cavity cavity surrounded by dentin that

contains pulp

Pulp connective tissue, blood vessels, and nerves

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Tooth Structure

Root canal portion of the pulp cavity that extends

into the root

Apical foramen proximal opening to the root

canal

Odontoblasts secrete and maintain dentin

throughout life

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Tooth Structure

Copyright 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Figure 23.11

Tooth and Gum Disease

Dental caries gradual demineralization of enamel

and dentin by bacterial action

Dental plaque, a film of sugar, bacteria, and mouth

debris, adheres to teeth

Acid produced by the bacteria in the plaque

dissolves calcium salts

Without these salts, organic matter is digested by

proteolytic enzymes

Daily flossing and brushing help prevent caries by

removing forming plaque

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Tooth and Gum Disease: Periodontitis

Gingivitis as plaque accumulates, it calcifies and
forms calculus, or tartar

Accumulation of calculus:

Disrupts the seal between the gingivae and the

teeth

Puts the gums at risk for infection

Periodontitis serious gum disease resulting from

an immune response

Immune system attacks intruders as well as body

tissues, carving pockets around the teeth and
dissolving bone

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