Ionic Radius (1.

16)
The ionic radius of an element is its
share of the distance between
neighboring ions in an ionic solid.
Anions are larger than the parent atom
F- > F
Gain valence electrons while core electrons
and protons stay the same
# p+ doesnt change, electrostatic attraction is
trumped by e- - e- repulsion in valence shell
larger radii.
1

Ionic Radius (1.16)

The ionic radius of an element is its
share of the distance between
neighboring ions in an ionic solid.
Cations are smaller than the parent
atom
Na+ < Na
Loss of valence electron(s) while core
electrons and protons stay the same
# p+ doesnt change, electrons are lost, e- e- repulsion decreases while electrostatic
attraction is the same smaller radii.
2

Ionic Radius (1.16)

Figure 1.49

Ionic Radius (1.16)

cations

anions

Figure 1.48

Ionic Radius (1.16)

Atoms and ions with the same number of
electrons are called isoelectronic series .

Na+ F- Mg2+
All have the same electron configuration
Same e- configuration as Ne
Same # of core and valence e- but a different # of
p+
more protons greater electrostatic attraction smaller
radii

Mg2+ < Na+ < F5

Ionic Radius (1.16)

Section summary:
Ionic radii generally increase down a
group and decrease from left to right
across a period.
HOWEVER, cations are smaller than
their parent atoms and anions are
larger.

Ionization Energy (1.17)

The ionization energy is the minimum
energy needed to remove an electron
from a neutral atom in the gas phase.

X(g) + IE1 X+(g) + e Energy required to make a cation.

What is the second ionization energy ?

Minimum energy needed to remove an electron
from a singly charged gas- phase cation.

X+(g) + IE2 X2+(g) + e7

IE1< IE2 < IE3< ..etc.

Ionization Energy (1.17)

In general, first ionization energy
increases up a group and from left to
Theright
a period.
smalleracross
the
atom, the greater
the electrostatic
attraction
In turn will make
it harder to
remove and
electron.
More energy will
be needed to do
so, higher IE2.
Noble gases very
stable,
do not want
8
-

increas
e
Figure 1.51

Ionization Energy (1.17)

The general trend indicates that O should
have a higher first ionization energy than N,
but it does not. Why?
N: [He] 2s2 2p3

2s

2p

O: [He] 2s2 2p4

2s

2p

N: filled p subshell more stable

More energy needed to remove most loosely bound ehigher IE1

9 All group VA and VIA are inverted for the trend

Ionization Energy (1.17)

Example: An element has the following
set of ionization energies. To what group
on the periodic table does the element
belong?
Jump in Ionization
IE1 = 578 kJ/mol

Energies between
IE3 and IE4.
IE2 = 1820 kJ/mol
Element has three
IE3 = 2750 kJ/mol
valence electrons
IE4 = 11600 kJ/mol Group IIIA

IE5 = 14500 kJ/mol

10

Ionization Energy (1.17)

Section Summary:
The first ionization energy is highest for
elements close to helium and is lowest
for elements close to cesium.
Second ionization energies are higher
than first ionization energies (for the
same element) and very much higher if
the electron is to be removed from a
closed shell.
11