Geometric Dimensioning

and Tolerancing
Course Number
Instructors name

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What is Geometric Dimensioning

and Tolerancing GDT
It is a system of symbols, rules and definitions
used to define the shape (Roundness,
Flatness, Cylindricity, etc.) and design Intent
(parallel, perpedicular, concentric, et.) of the
model.

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Objectives of GDT
Define parts based on function
Include geometric as well as size
tolerances
Facilitate inspection and quality control
Reduce need for notes
Capture design intent
Clarify tolerances for international use
Eliminate tolerance stack-up
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Objectives of GDT
Orthogonal Datum Planes 3-2-1 Rule
2 points of contact

1 point of contact

A rule that defines the

minimum number of contact
points necessary to properly
locate a part within the datum
reference frame. The primary
datum requires three
points, the secondary datum
two points, and the tertiary
datum one point.
3 points of contact

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Simple Part with GDT

Design Intent
Perpendicularity
symbol of
feature

Tolerance of the
feature

Design Intent
Roundness symbol of
the feature

Primary datum

Secondary datum
Tolerance of
the dimension

Dimension tolerance does not say anything about the shape of the part!
GDT controls the shape and the initial design intent.
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Simple Part with GDT

Position symbol
of the feature: Hole

Perpendicularity symbol
of the feature

Primary datum

Tolerance of
the dimension

Tertiary datum
Tolerance of the datum
feature

Flatness symbol
of the feature

Secondary datum

Dimension tolerance does not say anything about the shape of the part!
GDT controls the shape and the initial design intent.
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Simple Part with GDT

Tolerance of the datum featured

Secondary Datum plane

Circular runout
Primary Datum plane
Cylindrical face

Tolerance of
the dimension

Roundness: (ASME Y14.5M 1994 Section 2.7.1.3, paragraph (a)).

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Simple Part with GDT

Roundness: (ASME Y14.5M 1994 Section 2.7.1.3, paragraph (a))

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Simple Part with GDT

Perpendicularity symbol
of the feature

Flatness symbol
of the feature

Perpendicularity symbol
of the feature

Primary Datum plane

No

Yes
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Simple Part with GDT

View the selected Datum
planes, the angularity symbol
was added afterwards!
Angularity symbol
of the feature

Perpendicularity symbol
of the feature

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Simple Part with GDT

Note: The different Datum planes selected
to display the Angularity symbol
of the feature from the previous slide!
Angularity symbol
of the feature
Perpendicularity symbol
of the feature

Flatness symbol
of the feature

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Simple Part with GDT

Datum C is the face of the feature: Simple Hole

Flatness symbol
of the feature

Position symbol
of the feature

Offset, arrows will not fit.

Dimension tolerance does not say anything about the shape of the part!
GDT controls the shape and the initial design intent
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Simple Part with GDT

Flatness symbol
of the feature

Position symbol
of the feature

Dimension tolerance does not say anything about the shape of the part!
GDT controls the shape and the initial design intent
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Simple Part with GDT

Parts Do Not Have Center Lines - Features Have Axes
Center lines are a drafting convenience. Associate the datum feature symbol
with datum features!

Total runout symbol

of the feature

No For Construction Centerline!

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Simple Part with GDT

Revolved Base Feature : Axis of revolutions
Vs. Extruded Base Feature.
Circular runout symbol
of the feature

Circular runout symbol

of the feature

Coaxial Diameters - Two (or more) diameters that are shown on the
drawing as being on the same centerline (axis).
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Simple Part with GDT

Secondary Datum

Primary Datum

Profile of a Surface symbol

of the feature

Tertiary Datum

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GDT Symbols

http://www.wisc-online.com/objects/index_tj.asp?objID=ENG18804
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Default Document Datum

Tolerances (DimXpert)

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Material Condition Symbols

Maximum Material Condition (MMC)
largest shaft, smallest hole

Least Material Condition (LMC)

smallest shaft, largest hole

Regardless of Feature Size (RFS)

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Tolerance Zones without GDT

Means this!

The tolerance area or boundary with that forms the

Feature may vary when no tolerance of the feature is provided
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GDT Rule 1
Individual Feature of Size
Where only a tolerance of size is specified,
the limits of an individual feature prescribe the
extent to which variations in its geometric
form, as well as size, are allowed.

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Location Controls
Position
Concentricity
Runout

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GD&T True Positioning

Note circular tolerance zones

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Straightness

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Flatness
Symbol

Tolerance of
the feature

The surface must be within the

tolerance of size and must lie between
two parallel planes: 0.25 apart (feature
tolerance)

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Roundness
Symbol

Tolerance of
the feature

Each circular element of the Surface in any

plane perpendicular to A common axis must
be within the specified tolerance of size. It also
must lie between two concentric circles one
having a radius of 0.25 larger than the other!
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Cylindricity
Symbol

Tolerance of
the feature

The cylindrical surface must be within the

specified tolerance of size, in this example 0.25
and must lie between two Concentric cylinders
one having a radius of 0.25 larger than the
other.
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Orientation Controls

Perpendicularity
Parallelism
Angularity
Line Profile
Surface Profile

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Parallelism for Planes

Tolerance of feature
Datum Plane
Symbol

The surface must be within the specified

Tolerance (0.12) of size and must lie
between two planes (0.12) apart which are
parallel to Datum Plane A.
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Parallelism for Axis and Plane

The feature axis must be within the specified

tolerance (0.12) of location and must lie between
two planes (0.12) apart which are parallel to the
datum plane (A) regardless of the feature size!
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Parallelism for Two Axes

The feature axis must be within the specified tolerance

(0.05) of location. Where the feature is at Maximum
Material Condition (10.00). The Maximum
Parallelism tolerance is (0.05).

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Perpendicularity of Axis vs.

Plane

The feature axis must be within the specified

tolerance(0.05) of location. Where the feature is at
MMC (15.984) the Max perpendicularity tolerance is
0.05. Where the feature departs from its MMC size,
and increase in the Perpendicularity tolerance is
ALLOWED which is equal to the amount of the
departure.
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All parts are not created equal

CNC issues!

Profile of a line is a funny control. It works well for parts like extrusions where
individual slices will be checked. However, when you start adding datum
references, it can turn into a profile of a surface control
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