4.

CDMA Air Interface

Proprietary and Confidential

3G Basics Training

What is WCDMA?
CDMA comparison to TDMA and FDMA
CDMA benefits and Spread Spectrum Communications
WCDMAs Key Radio system Features
Multipath advantage and Diversity
Power Control
Interference and maximum load
Handover types
TDD Basics
Radio Network Planning
For internal use only
1

NOKIA

Cdma05.ppt / 10.02.00

3G BASICS TRAINING

B6X 067594AE, 1.0.0.

4. CDMA Air Interface

Proprietary and Confidential

3G Basics Training

Module objectives. The participant will be able to

explain:
How CDMA is different compared to TDMA and
FDMA?
What is the Spread Spectrum Communications
principle?
WCDMAs Key Radio system Features
What are the multipath propagation and diversity
advantages
Power Control principles in WCDMA
How interference affects to maximum load
Handover types in WCDMA
TDD Basic features
Radio Network Planning principles
For internal use only
2

NOKIA

Cdma05.ppt / 10.02.00

3G BASICS TRAINING

B6X 067594AE, 1.0.0.

What is WCDMA?

Proprietary and Confidential

Terms and Abbreviations

CDMA = Code Division Multiple Access
Multiple Access (MA) =
A method of sharing a common
transmission
medium between multiple users (or terminals) communicating
simultaneously
Code Division MA = Separating different users by unique signature
codes
What is CDMA?
CDMA = A Multiple Access method utilizing spread spectrum
techniques
What is WCDMA?
WCMDA =
Wideband CDMA, one 3. Generation Standard
(3GPP) . The access scheme is Direct-Sequence Code Division
Multiple Access (DS-CDMA) with information spread over
approximately 5 MHz bandwidth.
For internal use only
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NOKIA

Cdma05.ppt / 10.02.00

3G BASICS TRAINING

B6X 067594AE, 1.0.0.

CDMA comparison to TDMA and

FDMA

Proprietary and Confidential

Frequency Division Multiple Access (FDMA)

Users transmit simultaneously using separate frequencies
Frequency

Mobile Station 1
Mobile Station 2
Mobile Station 3
Time

Time Division Multiple Access (TDMA)

Users transmit at separate times
Frequency

Mobile Mobile Mobile Mobile Mobile Mobile

Station 1 Station 2Station 3Station 1Station 2Station 3

Time

For internal use only

4

NOKIA

Cdma05.ppt / 10.02.00

3G BASICS TRAINING

B6X 067594AE, 1.0.0.

CDMA comparison to TDMA and

FDMA

Proprietary and Confidential

Code Division Multiple Access (CDMA)

User signals cover the whole frequency band all the time
Frequency

Mobile Station 1, Code 1

Mobile Station 2, Code 2
Mobile Station 3, Code 3
Time

The Base Station (BTS) separates the users by applying

spread spectrum techniques

- Code each users signal with a unique signature sequence

- The receiver can separate the desired signal if it knows the
sequence
For internal use only
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NOKIA

Cdma05.ppt / 10.02.00

3G BASICS TRAINING

B6X 067594AE, 1.0.0.

Proprietary and Confidential

CDMA Benefits
Improved system capacity
Increase

the amount of users (information) in a given

bandwidth

Improved system performance in severe

environments
Multipath

propagation; Can benefit from multipath by

using RAKE
receiver
Interference from other users and from other systems

Simplified frequency planning

Universal

frequency re- use is one

Enables seamless soft handover

Ongoing

calls are handled in the boundary region

between two cells by both Base Stations
For internal use only

NOKIA

Cdma05.ppt / 10.02.00

3G BASICS TRAINING

B6X 067594AE, 1.0.0.

Definition of Spread Spectrum

Communications

Proprietary and Confidential

Signals are transmitted at much higher bandwidth than the

information rate (typically at least 100 times higher)

Spread Spectrum

Conventional

Power

Power

Frequency

Frequency

The spreading is achieved with a code (spreading sequence)

that is independent of the transmitted information
For internal use only
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NOKIA

Cdma05.ppt / 10.02.00

3G BASICS TRAINING

B6X 067594AE, 1.0.0.

Spreading
Symbol

Proprietary and Confidential

Symbol
Spectrum
+1

Data
-1

Chip

Chip

Code
(pseudo
noise)

+1

Data x
Code

+1

-1

-1

Despreading
+1

Code
-1
+1

Data
-1

For internal use only

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NOKIA

Cdma05.ppt / 10.02.00

3G BASICS TRAINING

B6X 067594AE, 1.0.0.

Proprietary and Confidential

Detecting own signal. Correlator

+1

Own
signal

-1
+1

Code

-1
+1

Data after
multiplication

-1
+8

Data after
Integration

-8
+1

Other
signal

-1
+1

Code
-1
+1

Data after
multiplication

-1
+8

Data after
Integration
-8

For internal use only

9

NOKIA

Cdma05.ppt / 10.02.00

3G BASICS TRAINING

B6X 067594AE, 1.0.0.

Proprietary and Confidential

Basic Methods
Spread Spectrum Concept
Data

Data
modulation

Spreading
modulation
Spreading
Code

Despreading

Demodulation

Spreading
Code

Spreading codes must be synchronous !

Direct Sequence (DS)
Modulate the signal directly with the
Frequency Hopping (FH)
spreading sequence
The spreading sequence has a much Not used in WCDMA
Let the spreading sequence change
higher bit rate than the data
the carrier frequency
Comparable to data scrambling
For example, each bit is sent with a
different carrier frequency
For internal use only
10

NOKIA

Cdma05.ppt / 10.02.00

3G BASICS TRAINING

B6X 067594AE, 1.0.0.

Data

Direct Sequence (DS) Spread

Spectrum

Proprietary and Confidential

Data
Rb

Spreading
modulation

Code
generator

Carrier

Carrier

Rc

Despreading

Data
Rb

Code
generator
Rc

Code generator output is a pseudo- random periodic bit (chip) sequence of rate Rc
This chip rate Rc is typically > 100 times the data rate Rb

Data
Code
Spread
signal
For internal use only
11

NOKIA

Cdma05.ppt / 10.02.00

3G BASICS TRAINING

B6X 067594AE, 1.0.0.

WCDMA Main Parameter

Summary

Proprietary and Confidential

Multiple Access (MS) scheme

Direct-Sequence Code Division Multiple Access (DS-CDMA) with
information spread over approximately 5 MHz bandwidth.
Chip rate
3, 84 Mcps
Spreading Factor
Uplink
4- 256
Downlink
4- 512
Frequency bands:
Uplink
1920 - 1980 MHz,
Downlink
2110 - 2170 MHz
Duplex scheme
Frequency Duplex Division (FDD)
TX - RX frequency separation is 190 MHz
Channel spacing
The nominal value is 5 MHz
Channel raster is 200 kHz
For internal use only
12

NOKIA

Cdma05.ppt / 10.02.00

3G BASICS TRAINING

B6X 067594AE, 1.0.0.

WCDMA's Key Radio System

Features
Wide 3.84 Mcps bandwidth ==> good frequency & interferer diversity ==> low

Proprietary and Confidential

Eb/No

coherent in both up- and downlink ==> low Eb/No

fast power control (PC) ==> minimizes interference ==> high spectral
efficiency
robust RAKE diversity receiver ==> low complexity
dynamic variable rate multiplexing ==> flexibility

= Codes with different spreading, giving 8-500 kbps

....
P

5 MHz

High rate multicode user

Variable rate users

10 ms frame

For internal use only

13

NOKIA

Cdma05.ppt / 10.02.00

3G BASICS TRAINING

B6X 067594AE, 1.0.0.

Proprietary and Confidential

Multipath advantage in WCDMA

Multipath propagation causes
several peaks in matched filter
(MF) output

Allocate RAKE fingers to these

peaks

Track and monitor the peaks

For internal use only

14

NOKIA

Cdma05.ppt / 10.02.00

3G BASICS TRAINING

B6X 067594AE, 1.0.0.

UL Receiver diversity (space

diversity)

Proprietary and Confidential

Amplitude
= Antenna 1
= Antenna 2

Antenna RAKE
combining
(MRC)
Fading

Time

RNC

For internal use only

15

NOKIA

Cdma05.ppt / 10.02.00

3G BASICS TRAINING

B6X 067594AE, 1.0.0.

Power Control (PC) Loops in

WCDMA

Proprietary and Confidential

MS

BTS

RNC

Open Loop Power Control (Initial Access)

Closed Loop Power Control
Outer Loop Power Control

For internal use only

16

NOKIA

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3G BASICS TRAINING

B6X 067594AE, 1.0.0.

Proprietary and Confidential

Open and Closed Loop PC, Uplink

if SIR > (SIR)set then "down"
else "up"

P1

TPC commands

P2

TPC commands

MS adjusts
power according
to TPC commands

MS1 and MS2 are transmitting in the same frequency

=> equalizing transmitter powers is critical ("near-far" problem)
Optimum situation: P1 = P2 at the BTS at all times
Different path attenuations are compensated by using
power control.

BTS
MS2

Open loop power control: MS adjusts its initial transmitter

power according to received signal level
Closed loop power control: BTS commands MS
to increase or decrease its transmission power at 1.5 kHz
It is based on received signal to interference ratio (SIR)
estimates in BTS.
Closed loop power control follows also the fast fading pattern
at low and (lesser) medium speeds (< 50 km/h)
For internal use only

17

NOKIA

Cdma05.ppt / 10.02.00

3G BASICS TRAINING

B6X 067594AE, 1.0.0.

MS1

Outer Loop PC, Uplink

Required (SIR)set for 1 % FER

Proprietary and Confidential

Outer loop power control

maintains link quality
Optimizes capacity / range

MS stands still

time
if SIR > (SIR)set then "down"
else "up"

if FER increase then (SIR)

set "up"
else (SIR) set "down"

CN

(SIR) set adjustment

command

RNC
outer loop
control

frame reliability info

For internal use only

18

NOKIA

Cdma05.ppt / 10.02.00

3G BASICS TRAINING

B6X 067594AE, 1.0.0.

Interference in CDMA

Proprietary and Confidential

Interference is
caused by
mobiles in the
neighbouring
cells as well as
by mobiles in the
same cell area
(uplink)

Interference

Signal

Total interference
experienced by
BTS is summary
of all those
If interference
increases the
needed output
power from MS
needs to be
increased as
well.

For internal use only

19

NOKIA

Cdma05.ppt / 10.02.00

3G BASICS TRAINING

B6X 067594AE, 1.0.0.

Output Power

Maximum Load in CDMA

Proprietary and Confidential

"Safe area"

0%

50%

100%

Load per carrier

CDMA System must be dimensioned according to

estimated traffic.
Too much load makes the system unstable.
Dimensioning rule is that 50 % of the theoretical capacity
can be used and still maintain good performance.
For internal use only
20

NOKIA

Cdma05.ppt / 10.02.00

3G BASICS TRAINING

B6X 067594AE, 1.0.0.

WCDMA Handover types

Proprietary and Confidential

Soft handovers

Softer handover between sectors in one BTS

Soft handover between different BTSs under one RNC
Soft handover between different BTSs in different RNCs

Hard handovers

Intra-frequency hard handovers between RNCs when soft

handover is not possible.
Inter-frequency hard handovers

Intra-BTS between carriers

Intra-RNC between cell layers (macro to micro or vice versa)
Inter-RNC(and CN) between different core networks

Inter-System handovers

Handover WCDMA <--> GSM900/1800

Handover WCDMA/FDD <--> UMTS/TDD

For internal use only

21

NOKIA

Cdma05.ppt / 10.02.00

3G BASICS TRAINING

B6X 067594AE, 1.0.0.

Softer Handover

Proprietary and Confidential

Softer handover is
handled by BTS internally
Softer handover
probability about 5 - 15 %
Sector/Antenna
RAKE
combining

No extra transmissions
across Iub
Basically same RAKE MRC
processing as for
multipath/antenna
diversity (BTS / MS). More
RAKE fingers needed.
Provides additional
diversity gain
Softer handover does
create additional
interference and needs
BTS LPA resources

RNC

For internal use only

22

NOKIA

Cdma05.ppt / 10.02.00

3G BASICS TRAINING

B6X 067594AE, 1.0.0.

Soft handover

Proprietary and Confidential

Soft handover probability about 20-40 %

Extra transmissions across Iub
UL / DL soft HO diversity processing very
different
MS: MRC RAKE combining
RNC: frame selection

RNC
CN

frame
selection /
duplication

eliabi
rame r

fra
m

o
lity inf

Except for the TPC symbol

exactly the same information
(symbols) is sent via air.
Differential delay in order
of fraction of symbol duration

r
Soft handover does create additional elia
bi
lit
interference and needs BTS LPA
yi
nf
resources
o

For internal use only

23

NOKIA

Cdma05.ppt / 10.02.00

3G BASICS TRAINING

B6X 067594AE, 1.0.0.

Proprietary and Confidential

TDD (Time Division Duplex)

Characteristics:
same frequency for upand downlink, time
division uplink
duplex
f1 down

Difficulties:
risk for system
interference
synchronization
requirements between
base stations and
between operators

utilises unpaired
spectrum allocation
asymmetry between
uplink and downlink
capacities
support for unlicensed
operation

M1->BS1

BS1->M1

CELL 1

M2->M1
M2->BS2

BS1->BS2
BS2->M2

CELL 2

For internal use only

24

NOKIA

Cdma05.ppt / 10.02.00

3G BASICS TRAINING

B6X 067594AE, 1.0.0.

UTRA TDD (Time Division Duplex)

principles

Proprietary and Confidential

Combination of TDMA
and CDMA
Users separated inside
a time slot by code
DS-CDMA used
user data rate
granularity

TD/CDMA principle

Standardisation
UTRA=UMTS Terrestrial Radio
Access
UTRA is both UTRA FDD and
UTRA TDD
TDD utilises unpaired spectrum
Basic parameters are
harmonized, and the only few
exceptions exist in physical
layer

Bundling of FDD and

TDD frequency in
licensing?
For internal use only

25

NOKIA

Cdma05.ppt / 10.02.00

3G BASICS TRAINING

B6X 067594AE, 1.0.0.

UTRA/TDD complements FDD where

there is shortage of spectrum due
to
traffic
or
regulation
Additional capacity to network

Proprietary and Confidential

Flexible support for asymmetric

traffic
Seamless integration with
UTRA/FDD using multimode
terminals
Micro/picocell applications
emphasizing high data rates
TDD technology is best suitable
for indoor use where interference
from base stations is manageable
and lower range does not matter

For internal use only

26

NOKIA

Cdma05.ppt / 10.02.00

3G BASICS TRAINING

B6X 067594AE, 1.0.0.

TDD utilizes Dynamic Channel

Allocation

Proprietary and Confidential

For internal use only

27

NOKIA

Cdma05.ppt / 10.02.00

3G BASICS TRAINING

B6X 067594AE, 1.0.0.

TDD interference

Proprietary and Confidential

To fight interference scheduling,

coordination and synchronization is needed.
Adaptive system (DCA, RRM)
Planning can alleviate problems
For internal use only
28

NOKIA

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3G BASICS TRAINING

B6X 067594AE, 1.0.0.

TDD Conclusions

Proprietary and Confidential

Key issues for TDD implementation by customers are

mature 3G TDD standard
seamless handover FDD/TDD/GSM
availability of multimode terminals
There are still high market and technology
uncertainties
Competing technologies within the target market
(TDD/FDD/WLAN)
Frequency allocation is the critical issue
Frequency bundling for UMTS
Warc2000
Nokia provides a full end-to-end solution - TDD
is needed to secure/complement Nokia FDD business

For internal use only

29

NOKIA

Cdma05.ppt / 10.02.00

3G BASICS TRAINING

B6X 067594AE, 1.0.0.

WCDMA Radio Network Planning

process

Proprietary and Confidential

Network dimensioning
Site selection (cooperation

existing GSM sites)

Detailed network planning

with site acquisition and

coverage/capacity planning
propagation model tuning
Propagation
parameter planning
Model Tuning
soft/softer handover overhead analysis
& optimization

Network

testing and tuning

Network
Dimensioning

Site Selection

Parameters
Download
OMC

Detailed Network
Planning

NETWORK REQUIREMENTS
For internal use only

30

NOKIA

Cdma05.ppt / 10.02.00

3G BASICS TRAINING

B6X 067594AE, 1.0.0.