TRANSCRIPTION AND

TRANSLATION

Dani e l
Fi guere do
Jua n C am i l o
A m ay a
Jua n Pa bl o
Pul i do
Dani e l A m ado

TRANSCRIPTION
DNA transcription is a process that involves
transcribing genetic information fromDNAto RNA.
It is making an RNA copy of a gene sequence. This
copy, called a messenger RNA (mRNA) molecule, leaves
the cell nucleus and enters the cytoplasm, where it
directs the synthesis of the protein, which it encodes. 1

1.http://www.genome.gov/Glossary/index.cfm?id=197

TRANSCRIPTION
Unlike DNA replication, transcription does not need
aprimerto start and it usesbase pairingto create
anRNAcopy containinguracilinstead ofthymine. 2

2.http://www.biology-online.org/dictionary/Transcription

TRANSCRIPTION STEPS
1. One or moresigma factorproteinbindsto the RNA
polymeraseholoenzyme, allowing it to bind topromoter
DNA.
2. RNA polymerase creates atranscription bubble,
which separates the two strands of the DNA helix. This
is done by breaking thehydrogen bondsbetween
complementary DNA nucleotides.
3. RNA polymerase adds matching RNA nucleotides to
the complementary nucleotides of one DNA strand.

TRANSCRIPTION STEPS
4. RNA sugar-phosphate backbone forms with
assistance from RNA polymerase to form an RNA strand.
5. Hydrogen bonds of the untwisted RNA-DNA helix
break, freeing the newly synthesized RNA strand.
6. If the cell has anucleus, the RNA may be further
processed. This may includepolyadenylation, capping,
andsplicing.
7. The RNA may remain in the nucleus or exit to
thecytoplasmthrough thenuclear porecomplex.

REVERSE TRANSCRIPTION
Someviruses(such asHIV, the cause ofAIDS), have
the ability to transcribe RNA into DNA. 3

3.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transcription_(genet

How traslation occurs when genetic

code translate from DNA to mRNA
code?
ThegenesinDNAencodeproteinmolecules, which are
the workhorses of thecell, carrying out all the
functions necessary for life. For example, enzymes,
including those that metabolize nutrients and
synthesize new cellular constituents, as well as DNA
polymerases and other enzymes that make copies of
DNA duringcell division, are all proteins.
In the simplest sense, expressing agenemeans
manufacturing its corresponding protein, and this
multilayered process has two major steps. In the fi rst
step, the information in DNA is transferred to a
messengerRNA(mRNA)moleculeby way of a process
called transcription.

Duringtranscription, the DNA of a gene serves as a

template forcomplementarybase pairing, and
anenzymecalledRNA polymeraseII catalyzes the
formation of a pre-mRNA molecule, which is then
processed to form maturemRNA .
The resulting mRNA is a single stranded copy of the
gene, which next must be translated into a protein
molecule.

What happens during

translation?
After the mRNA is made, it leaves the nucleus and
moves to the cytoplasm. There the 5' end of the mRNA
connects to a ribosome. The ribosome is where the
code is read and translated to make proteins through a
process called translation.During translation, tRNA
molecules act as interpreters of the mRNA. Each tRNA
molecule is folded into a cloverleaf shape. The 3' end
attaches to a specifi c amino acid. At the middle of the
folded strand, there is a three-base coding sequence
called an anticodon. Each anticodon is complementary
to a codon on the mRNA. The anticodon is read 3' to 5'.

What is the role of the

ribosome?
You can think of the ribosome as a factory for making
proteins. Ribosomes are made of two parts a large
subunit and a small subunit. The subunits are not
involved in making protein. The two parts of the
ribosome come together and attach to an mRNA
molecule to complete the ribosome.

How does translation work?

Transcription takes place in the nucleus. Translation
occurs in the cytoplasm. Follow along with the picture
below. You will see how the ribosome translates the
mRNA code into a chain of amino acids, called a
polypeptide.

How is a protein made?

A tRNA molecule with the anticodon CAU carrying a

methionine will move in and bind to the mRNA start
codonAUGon the 5' end. A tRNA, that is
complementary to the mRNA codon, binds to a groove
in the ribosome known as the P site. A second tRNA,
that is complementary to the second mRNA codon,
moves into a second groove called the A site. The
ribosome bonds the new amino acid in the A site and
the amino acid in the P site. As the two amino acids
join, the tRNA in the P site is released to the third site,
called the E site, where it exits the ribosome. The
ribosome then moves along the mRNA molecule, so the
tRNA in the A site shifts to the P site. A new tRNA then
moves into the A site.

How is a protein made?

The process continues, adding and joining amino acids

in the sequence determined by the mRNA. The
ribosome continues moving along the mRNA, linking
amino acids together, until it reaches a stop codon.
The mRNA is released from the last tRNA by proteins
called release factors, and the ribosome subunits come
apart, ending protein synthesis.

BIBLIOGRAPHY

http://www.genome.gov/Glossary/index.cfm?id=197
http://www.biology-online.org/dictionary/Transcription
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transcription_(genetics)
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Translation_(biology)
www.biology-online.org/dictionary/Translation
http://www.brightstorm.com/science/biology/molecular-b
iology/biology-translation
/