OPERATION-CUMTOWER

TECHNICIAN
Sector: TELECOM
Occupation: Operation & maintenance

CONTENT
Objective
Introduction
Types

of mobile tower
Definition of tower
Different tower pictures
Telecom tower companies
In India
Role and Responsibilities of site technician
Components of tower site

Cont
Components

within the Shelter

Components within the diesel generator
Cellular network
Why external cell is used
Merits and demerits of hexagonal cell
Sectoring and process
Multiple access techniques
Generation of network (0G, 1G, 2G, 2.5G, 3G, 3.5G, 4G,
5G)
Mobile pictures of each generation of network

Cont
GSM

communication
Introduction to GSM
History of GSM
Why we go for GSM system
GSM architecture
Frequency band of GSM
Uplink and downlink frequency
Forward and reverse
Extended GSM
GSM architecture description
Handover/ handoff process
GSM channel and
Single path and multi path

Architecture of 3G network
UMTS
4G architecture network
LTP
LTE
MIMO system
OFDM block diagram
Single carrier
Multi carrier
Different heights of tower
LOC
What are the obstacles to oppose the LOC

OBJECTIVE

To understand details about mobile towers.

To study about different types of mobile tower.
To study about Shelter.
To study about Diesel Generator.

WELCOME & INTRODUCTION

A cell site or cell tower is a cellular telephone site
where antennae and electronic communications equipment are
placed, usually on a radio mast, tower or other high place, to
create a cell (or adjacent cells) in a cellular network.
Frequency reuse same frequency in
many cell sites
Cellular expansion easy to add new cells
Handover moving between cells
Roaming- between networks

Cont

The safety of cell phone towers is the subject of extensive

scientific debate.
There is a growing body of scientific evidence that the
electromagnetic radiation they emit, even at low levels, is
dangerous to human health.
Radiation from mobile phones and towers has become a
significant risk to public health in urban hubs and cities

HISTORY
First

telephone (photo phone) Alexander Bell, 1880

The first car mounted radio telephone 1921
1946 First commercial mobile radio-telephone service by Bell and AT&T in
Saint Louis, USA. Half duplex(PTT)
1973 First handheld cellular phone Motorola.
1982 Groupe Spcial Mobile is created within
CEPT (Confrence
Europenne des Postes et Tlcommunications)
1987 Main Radio transmission techniques are chosen,
based on prototype
evaluation (1986)
1989 GSM becomes an ETSI technical committee
1990 The Phase I GSM900 specification are frozen
DCS1800 adaptation starts
1991 First systems are running
DCS 1800 specifications are frozen
1992 All major European GSM 900 operators begin commercial operations
(2G)
2000
3G system comes in to market.
2010
4G system comes in to market.

TYPES OF MOBILE TOWER

1. Lattice Tower

It is also referred to as a selfsupporting tower.

The lattice tower affords the
greatest flexibility and is
often used in heavy loading
conditions.
It is typically three or four
sided, with similar shaped
bases.

Cont
2. Monopole Tower

It uses minimal space

resemble a single tube.

and

It requires one foundation and

typically don't exceed 50m.

The antennas are mounted on the

exterior of the tower.

Cont
3. Guyed Tower

Guyed towers used to be the cheapest tower to

construct, but require the greatest amount of land.

For taller heights (100 metres and greater) it is

much cheaper to build a guyed tower.

Most radio and television towers are guyed

towers.

A guyed tower is a straight tower (also referred to

as mast) connected by guy wires attached to the
ground in all directions, which anchor and
support the tower.

Cont
4. Stealth Tower

Stealth towers are typically required

by councils and at times, owners.

They are always more expensive

than the other types of towers.

More often than not they require

additional material to "Stealth" their
appearance and typically don't
provide the same amount of
capacity for tenants.

Cont
Based on Installation Types
Ground Base Tower: most of telecom towers are of 40 meters in Height.
Roof top Tower: Range 9 meter to 30 meter
Based on applicability & antenna load
Steel lattice structure : up to 300 feet
Monopole: up to 199 feet
Concealed : up to 150 feet
1 feet = 0.30480 meter & 1 meter = 3 feet

DEFINITION OF TOWER

A cell tower is a cellular telephone site where antennae and electronic

communications equipment are placed, usually on a radio mast, tower
or other high place, to create a cell (or adjacent cells) in a cellular
network.

The elevated structure typically supports antennae, and one or more

sets of transmitter/receivers transreceiver, digital signal processor,
control electronics, a GPS receiver for timing (for CDMA 2000/IS-95
or GSM systems), primary and backup electrical power sources, and
sheltering.

Cont
The

working range of a cell tower or cell site (the range which

mobile devices connects reliably to the cell site) is not a fixed
figure.

It

depends on a number of factors:

Height of antenna over surrounding terrain (Line-of-sight
propagation).
The frequency of signal in use.
Timing limitations in some technologies (e.g., GSM is
limited to 35 km, with 70 km being possible with special
equipment)
The transmitter's rated power.

Cont
The

required uplink/downlink data rate of the

subscriber's device.
The directional characteristics of the site antenna array.
Reflection and absorption of radio energy by buildings or
vegetation.
It may also be limited by local geographical or regulatory
factors and weather conditions.

TELECOM TOWER COMPANIES IN

WORLD

THE

With a portfolio of more than 1,14,101 towers, Indus is the largest telecom tower
company in the world.

IN INDIA

ATC India owns or operates over 12,000 tower sites throughout the country.
Aircel
American Tower Co India Ltd
Bharti Infratel
BSNL Telecom Tower Infrastructure
Essar Telecom (ETIPL)
GTL Infrastructure
HFCL Connect Infrastructure Infotel Group
Idea Telecom Infrastructure
India Telecom Infra Ltd
Indus Towers Ltd
Quippo Telecom Infrastructure Ltd [Viom Networks Ltd]
Reliance Infratel
Tower Vision India Pvt. Ltd
Vodafone

Cont

ROLES & RESPONSIBILITIES OF SITE

TECHNICIAN
Tower Site Maintenance
Regular Visit to site:
Proper readings for EB, PIU
Check for lube oil, diesel level, water or coolant level in DG.
Distilled water in the battery.
Check the alarms on PIU.
Site visit in case of critical fault alert:
Mains failure
DG failed to start or stop.
DG low fuel level
Rectifier failure
Power interface unit related
All sensors
Site Down
High Temperature.

COMPONENTES OF TOWER SITE

Tower:
Platform
Mounting pole
Antenna (GSM, CDMA & Microwave)
Lightening Arrestor
Aviation Lamp
RF Feeder cable
Vertical cable tray
Earthing
Shelter:
BTS
Communication equipment rack
SMPS
Battery bank
Air Conditioning & fan unit
Sensors

Cont
Fiber connectivity box
Router/modem
Smoke detector
Anti static floor mat
Fire extinguisher etc
Diesel Generator (DG):
PIU
Power cables
Three phase & single phase system
Cut out with handle
Circuit breaker
Transformer
Auto phase selector
AC & DC panel with different meter
AMF & interlock panel
Static line conditioner (LCU)
DG battery charger

Antenna

Anantenna(oraerial) is an electrical device which

converts electric powerinto radio waves, and vice
versa.

It is usually used with a radio transmitteror radio

receiver.

An antenna consists of an arrangement of

metallicconductors, electrically connect to the
receiver or transmitter.

The first antennas were built in 1888 by German

physicistHeinrich Hertz.

Cont
According to their applications and technology available,
antennas generally fall in one of two categories:
Omni directional antenna
Directional antenna

CELLULAR NETWORK

Acellular networkormobile
awireless networkdistributed
areas called cells, each served
one fixed-locationtransceiver,
acell siteorbase station.

networkis
over land
by at least
known as

In a cellular network, each cell uses a

different
set
of
frequencies
from
neighbouring cells, to avoid interference
and provide guaranteed bandwidth within
each cell.

FEATURES OF CELLULAR NETWORK

More capacity than a single large transmitter,

since the same frequency can be used for
multiple links as long as they are in different cells

Mobile devices use less power than with a single

transmitter or satellite since the cell towers are
closer

Larger coverage area than a single terrestrial

transmitter, since additional cell towers can be
added indefinitely and are not limited by the
horizon

ANTENNA MOUNTING SYSTEMS

Tower Accessories T-Boom Sector Mounts

SAF-T Boom
Ice Shields
Antenna Mounting Kit
Pipe to Pipe Mounting Kit
Antenna Pipes....and more

Cont
Pole Accessories
Tri-Collar Assemblies
Monopole Platform Kits
SAF-T-Arm
Chain Mounts
Access Ports and more..

Cont

Rooftop mounts and Accessories Water Tank Mounts

Tri-pod Mounts
Ballast Frames
Rooftop Bridge
Equipment Racks
BTS Platforms and more..
Transmission line support systemWaveguide Bridge
Trapeze Kits
Pipe Post Kit
Ladder Hardware Kit

Cont

Cable hardware and accessories

Feeder cable
Guy Cable Hardware Kits
Bird-Flight Diverter
Galvanized Hardware
Jaw-Eye Turnbuckle
J-Bolt & U-Bolt Assembly

DIFFERENT CELL STRUCTURES

Hexagonal
Circular
Square
Triangular

FREQUENCY REUSE

The key characteristic of a cellular network

is the ability to re-use frequencies to
increase both coverage and capacity.

The adjacent cells must use different

frequencies, however there is no problem
with two cells sufficiently far apart
operating on the same frequency. The
elements that determine frequency reuse
are the reuse distance and the reuse
factor.

Why hexagonal cells are used ?

Avoid the gape between the cells.

Avoid the overlap between the cells.
Cell can be easily splitting and sectoring.
More capacity in the cell.
Just look likes circular in structure.

Cont

ADVANTAGES OF HEXAGONAL CELL

There is no overlap between adjacent cells
No gap between adjacent cells
One of their features is the efficient
utilization of spectrum resources due to
frequency reuse.
In practice, frequency reuse is a defining
characteristic of cellular systems.
It exploits the fact that signal power falls
of with distance to reuse the same
frequency spectrum at spatially separated
locations (cells).

DISADVANTAGE

One disadvantage of a hexagonal cell is that hexes have adjacent

cells in only six directions instead of eight, as in a square cell.
Commonly, cells will form continuous straight lines "up" and
"down", or "north" and "south", in which case the other four
adjacent cells lie "north-west", "north-east", "south-west" and
"south-east".
As a result, no hex cell has an adjacent hex cell lying directly
"east" or "west", making movement in a straight line east or west
somewhat more complicated than on a square cell.
Instead, paths in these directions, and any other path that does not
bisect one of the six cell edges, will "zig-zag"; since no two
directions are orthogonal, it is impossible to move forward in one
direction without moving backwards slightly in the other.

CELL SPLITTING

Cell splitting is the process of subdividing a congested cell into

smaller cells each with its own base station and a
corresponding reduction in antenna height and transmitter
power.
Cell splitting is done by defining and installing new cells
which have a smaller radius than the original cells (microcells)
the radius, R of every cell was cut in half, (R/2).
Cell splitting increases the capacity of a cellular system since
it increases the number of times that channels are reused.
The consequence of the cell splitting is that the frequency
assignment has to be done again, which affects the neighboring
cells.

CELL SECTORING
In this method, a cell has the same coverage space but instead of using
a single Omnidirectional antenna that transmits in all directions, either
3 or 6 directional antennas are used such that each of these antennas
provides coverage to a sector of the hexagon.
When 3 directional antennas are used, 120 sectoring is achieved , and
when 6 directional antennas are used, 60 sectoring is achieved .
Dividing the cells into sectors actually reduces the network capacity
because the channels allocated to a cell are now divided among the
different sectors .
Handoff takes place when a cell phone moves from one sector to
another in the same cell. The gain in network capacity is achieved by
reducing the number of interfering co channel cells.
If sectoring is done in a way that channels assigned to a particular
sector are always at the same direction in the different cells each sector
causes interference to the cells that are in its transmission angle only.

CELL SPLITTING & SECTORING

MULTIPLE ACCESS TECHNIQUE

In case of mobile communication, which is a form of wireless communication, the only
restraint on communication is the bandwidth restraint which means we have a limited
frequency range that we can use for communication. Hence, we must somehow, allow
multiple users communicate in the same frequency range.
Multiple Access Techniques are ways to access a single channel by multiple users. They
provide multiple access to the channel. A channel refers to a system resource allocated to
a given mobile user enabling the user to establish communication with the network (other
users). Based on the type of channel, we can use a particular multiple access technique for
communication.
Frequency Channels [FDMA - Frequency Division Multiple Access] - Frequency band
divided into small frequency channels and different channels are allocated to different users
like in FM radio. Multiple users can transmit at the same time but on different frequency
channels.
Time-slot Within Frequency Bands [TDMA - Time Division Multiple Access] Each
user is allowed to transmit only in specified time-slots with a common frequency band.
Multiple users can transmit at the same frequency band at different times.
Distinct Codes [CDMA - Code Division Multiple Access] Users may transmit at the
same time using the same frequency band but using different codes so that we can decode to
identify a particular user.

FDMA

In FDMA, each user is allocated a unique frequency band or channel.

During the period of the call, no other user can share the same
frequency band.
Total frequency is divided in frequency slots.
It is a analog system.

FEATURES

Continuous transmission:- the channels are used on a non-timesharing basis.

Narrow band width:- Digital FDMA can make use of low bit rate
speech coding techniques to reduce the channel band even more.

Low overhead:- carry overhead messages for control

synchronization purposes.

TDMA

TDMA systems divide the channel time into frames. Each

frame is further partitioned into time slots. In each slot only
one user is allowed to either transmit or receive.
Unlike FDMA, only digital data and digital modulation must
be used.
Each user occupies a cyclically repeating time slot, so a
channel may be thought of as a particular
time slot of every frame, where
N time slots comprise a frame.

Features

Multiple channels per carrier or RF channels.

Synchronization needed.

Burst transmission since channels are used on a timesharing

basis. Transmitter can be turned off during idle periods.

Narrow or wide bandwidth depends on factors such as

modulation scheme, number of voice channels per carrier
channel.

High ISI Higher transmission symbol rate, hence resulting in

high ISI. Adaptive equalizer required.

CDMA

In CDMA, the narrowband message signal is multiplied by a very

large bandwidth signal called spreading signal (code) before
modulation and transmission over the air. This is called spreading.

CDMA is also called DSSS(Direct sequence spread spectrum).

FEATURES:

No frequency management
No guard time required
Enables soft handoff

CDMA example

Cont

SPREAD SPECTRUM

Spread spectrum is a communication technique that spreads a narrow

band communication signal over a wide range of frequencies for
transmission and de-spreads it into the original data bandwidth at the
receiver.
It uses wide band, noise like signals. Because spread spectrum signals are
noise-like ,they are hard to detect.

Spread spectrum signals are also hard to intercept or demodulate.

Further, spread spectrum signals are harder to jam(interfere with) than

narrowband signals.

These low probability of intercept(LPI) and anti jam(AJ) features are why
the military has used spread spectrum for so many years.

GENERATION (G)

0G refers pre-cellular mobile telephony technology in

1970s.
Technology used in 0G are PTT(push to talk),
MTS(mobile telephone system) & Improve-MTS.

1G TECHNOLOGY

Developed in1980 in Europe.

Based on analog
telecommunication standards.
Used analog radio signals.
It allows voice calls in one country.
Technology: AMPS, CT series
Range:2.9 kbps to 5.6 kbps.

2G TECHNOLOGY

Developed in 1990-91 in Finland.

Based on GSM technology.
Technology: GSM, CDMA, DECT
Used digital radio signals and
SIM card.
Range: 15Kbps to 40Kbps.
GSM Services:
Tele-services
Supplementary services
Bearer services

2.5G TECHNOLOGY
General packet ratio services(GPRS)
Data rates-56kbps to115kbps
Services WAP
MMS and SMS
Search and directory

3G TECHNOLOGY
Based on Universal mobile telecommunication
system(UMTS).
It is known as any where, any place, any time technique.
Standards are: WiMAX, WCDMA 2000, WCDMA one,
CDMA 2000, HSPA etc
Range: (up to 2 Mbps)
144kbps to 384kbps in rural
384kbps to 27Mbps in urban
First MTNL lunched in INDIA.

3.5G TECHNOLOGY

HSDPA(high speed downlink packet access) is

referred in 3.5G.
HSPA+
Speed is up to 480kbps.

4G TECHNOLOGY

Latest and fastest generation of mobile phone

communication.
It is known as MAGIC system.
Based on 3G technology with improvements named as
LTE.
MIMO, OFDM technique used.
First used in 2009 in Sweden
First Airtel lunched in INDIA, in 2012.
Data rate: up to 20Mbps-1Gbps

5G TECHNOLOGY

Started in 2010.
Complete wireless communication
with almost no limitations.
It is highly supportable to
wwww(wireless world wide web).
Data rates more than 1Gbps.
Technology: Advanced LTE, mimo-ofdm

COMPARISON OF 1G, 2G, 3G, 4G, 5G