DESIGN OF RETAINING WALL

ANDof FOUNDATIONS
Design
simple column square footing
Design
Design
Design
Design

of
of
of
of

simple column rectangular footing

combined footing
pile foundation
retaining wall

JAYARAM D K

FOUNDATION
The

foundation of a structure is the

part of the structure which transfers
the load to the soil on which it rests.
The ground surface in contact with
the lower surface of the foundation
is called the base of the foundation
The ground on which the foundation
rest is called the subgrade or
foundation soil.

GL

SUBSTRUCTURE AND SUPER

STRUCTURE
SUBSTRUCTURE:

The structure below the ground

level it is called sub structure
SUPER STRUCTURE:
The structure above the ground
level it is called as super
structure

Types of Foundations
Shallow

Foundations
If the depth of the foundation is
equal to or less than its width the
foundation is classified as shallow
foundation
(i) Wall Footing
(ii)Column or Isolated Footing
(iii)Combined Footing
(iv)Mat Footing

Deep

foundation

If the depth of the foundation is greater than

its width it is called as deep foundation.
(i)Well foundation
(ii)Pile foundation
Bearing Capacity of soil:
Ability of the soil to resists the load with out
failure.
Causes of failure of foundations:
(i)Unequal settlement of subsoil
(ii)Shinkage of soil below the foundation due
to withdrawal of moisture

Safe Bearing capacity of the different

soils

Types of Soil

Safe Bearing
Capacity of soil
( KN/m2)

1.Hard Dry Clay

2.Sand and clay
mixed
3.Firm clay
4.Fine confined wet
sand
5.Fine dry sand
6.Coarse sand
7.Soft rock
8.Hard rock (mixture

350
200
200
200
350
450
650
900
1100
2750

Formula for finding the depth

of the foundation:
2

D- depth of the foundation in m

p- Safe bearing capacity of the soil
r-Specific weight of the soil
0-Angle of repose

Design 1: Find the area and the depth of

foundation required for a column carrying an
axial load of 1250 KN. The safe bearing
capacity of the soil is 120 KN/m2 . The
density of the soil is 18 KN/m3 and has an
angle of repose of 30 degree.

Solution:
Load on the column = 1250 KN
Approximate weight of foundation =
125 KN
( take 10 % of total weight)
Total load = load on the column +
approximate weight of the column.
= 1250 + 125 = 1375 KN

Area of the foundation = total load / safe

bearing
capacity of soil
= 1375/120
= 11.46 m2
Provide a foundation area of 12 m2
Determination of depth of the
foundation:

Minimum depth of
2
the foundation = (p/){(1-sin)/(1+sin )}
= (120/18) {(1-sin30)/(1+sin30)}2
= 0.75 m.

FRAMED STRUCTURE SHOWING FOOTING

WALL FOOTING

ISOLATED FOOTING OR COLUMN FOOTING

COMBINED FOOTING

STRAP FOOTING

CONTINUOUS FOOTING

RAFT FOOTING

WELL FOOTING

PILE FOOTING

Design of column footing:

Design 2: A square column 500mm X 500mm
carries an axial load of 1500 KN . Design the
square footing for the column. The safe
bearing capacity of the column is 225 KN/m2.
Use M20 and Fe 415 steel.

Design of the foundation:

Load on the column = 1500 KN
Approximate weight of the footing at 10 % of
the column load
= 150 KN
Total load = 1650 KN
Safe bearing capacity of the soil = 225 KN/m2
Area of foundation = 1650/225 = 7.333 m2
BX B = 7.333 m

Breadth of foundation
B = (7.333) = 2.71 say 2.75 m
So the area of the foundation is 2.75 X 2.75 m
Net upward pressure = load on the column / area of
the footing
= 1500000/(2.75 X 2.75)
= 198347.11 N/m2.
Depth of the foundation =
Minimum depth of the foundation
= (p/r){(1-sin)/(1+sin )}2
= (225/18) {(1-sin30)/(1+sin30)}2
= 1.4 m

Determination of the depth of the

concrete slab below the footing.
Critical section for bending moment is =
(2750-500)/2 = 1125 mm = 1.125 m
Maximum bending moment =
M = 198347.11 x 2.75 X 1.125 x( 1.125/2)
= 345170 Nm
Factored moment Mu = 1.5 X M
= 1.5 X 345170 = 517755 Nm.

To find the depth of the slab in the

foundation.
Mu= 0.138 fck bd2
517755000 = 0.138 X 20 X 500 (width of
column) X d2
d= 613 mm
D= 613 + 12/2 +60 = 691 mm
(12- dia of bar , 60 clear cover for
footing)

The depth of slab of the foundation is

increased by 30 %
D= 691 X ( 0.3 X 691) = 900 mm
d=900 (12/2)- 60 =822 mm.
Determination of quantity of steel
required:
Ast = Pt X b x d

Determination of area of main

reinforcement:
Ast= Percentage of steel X b X d
Percentage of steel =
2

Factored moment Mu = 1.5 X M

= 1.5 X 345170 = 517755 Nm
Fck = 20 N/mm2
And
Fe =415 N/mm2
b=500 mm
And
d=822mm
Substitute all the values in the above formula
we get
Pt= 0.47 %

Ast = Pt X b x d
= (0.47/100) x 500 x 822 = 1932 mm2
No of bar =Total area/ area of one bar
= 1932/ (3.14/4)x12
Assume 12 mm dia bars so provide 18 bars
of 12 mm diameter.
Here the column is square so provide the
same reinforcement on both the directions.

REINFORCEMENT DETAILS OF COLUMN AND FOOTING:

DESIGN OF RECTANGULAR FOOTING

2. A rectangular column footing 600 mm
X 400 mm carries an axial load of 800
KN . Design a rectangular footing to
support the column . The safe bearing
capacity of the soil is 200 KN/m2 . Use
M20 concrete and Fe415 steel.
Load on the column = 800000N

Approximate weight of the foundation take 10 % of

the weight of the column = 80000N
Total load = 880000N
Safe bearing capacity of the soil is given as
200 KN/m2
= 200000N/m2

Area of the foundation = Total load /

Safe bearing capacity of the soil.
= 880000/200000 = 4.40 m2
To find the length and breadth of the
foundation
in case of square footing its easy
because by taking square root we get all
the values

Area = 4.4
BL = 4.4
B= 4.4 /L
Equating the projections on both sides
beyond the footing
( B-0.4) = (L-0.6)
Sub B Value
( {4.4/L}-0.4) = (L-0.6)

Solving the above equation we get L = 2.2

m
Sub this is B value we get
B= 4.4/L = 4.4/ 2.2 = 2 m
Now find the projections on both the axis
= 0.8 m

Net upward pressure = column load / Area of the

footing
= 800000/4.4
=181820 N/m2
Determination of reinforcement in section xx axis
and YY axis.
Bending moment Myy = 181820 X 2.2X 0.8 X
(0.8/2).
= 128000 Nm

Factored Moment Muy = 128000 X 1.5

= 192000 Nm
Determine the depth
Muy = 0.138 Fck bd2
192000 = 0.138 x 20 x 600 x d2
d= 341 mm.
Bending moment Mxx = 181820 X 2 X
0.8 X (0.8/2).
= 116364.8 Nm

Factored Moment Mux = 116364.8 X 1.5

= 174547.2Nm
Determine the depth
Mux = 0.138 Fck bd2
174547.2 = 0.138 x 20 x 400 x d2
d= 398 mm.
From the above two depth take the greater one
d= 398 mm

Providing 10 mm dia bars at a clear

cover of 70 mm
D = 398 + (10/2) + 70 = 473 mm
The overall depth may increased by 30%
= 473 + (0.3 X473)
= 614.9 mm
D=620 mm.
Effective Depth of the footing
d= 620 (10/2) 70
= 545 mm.

Take Muy and find Longer direction

steel Factored Moment Muy = 128000 X 1.5
= 192000 Nm
Determination of quantity of steel required:
Ast = Pt X b x d
Sub b= 600mm
d=545mm
Fck=20N/mm2
Fe=415 N/mm2
In the Pt formula and find Pt
Pt=0.32 %
Ast =( 0.32/100) X600 x545=1046.4mm2

Problems & Solutions

A square footing is to be constructed on
a deep deposit of sand at a depth of 0.9
m to carry a design load of 300 kN with
a factor of safety of 2.5. The ground
water table may rise to the ground level
during rainy season. Design the plan
dimension of footing given sat = 20.8
kN/m3, Nc = 25, Nq = 34 and N =32.

P
P
1
q s 2 1.3cN c D( N q 1) RW 1 0.4BN RW 2
D
A B
F

300 142.272 B 53.249 B

2

B = 1.21 m

What will be the net ultimate bearing

capacity of sand having = 36o and
d = 19 kN/m3 for (i) 1.5 m strip
foundation and (ii) 1.5 m X 1.5 m
square footing. The footings are
placed at a depth of 1.5 m below
ground level. Assume F = 2.5. Use
Terzaghis equations. (Aug 2003)

Nc

Nq

35o

57.8

41.4

42.4

40o

95.7

81.3

100.4

By linear interpolation Nc = 65.38, Nq = 49.38, N = 54 at

6o

Strip Footing

q n cN c D ( N q 1) 0.5BN
qn = 2148.33 kPa

q n 1.3cN c D( N q 1) 0.4BN
Square Footing

qn = 1994.43 kPa

A square footing 2.5 m X 2.5 m is built on a

homogeneous bed of sand of density 19 kN/m 3
having an angle of shearing resistance of 36 o. The
depth of foundation is 1.5 m below the ground
surface. Calculate the safe load that can be applied
on the footing with a factor of safety of 3. Take
bearing capacity factors as Nc= 27, Nq = 30, N = 35.
(Feb 2004)

P
P
1
q s 2 1.3cN c D( N q 1) RW 1 0.4BN RW 2
D
A B
F

Safe load, P = qs*B*B = 3285.4

kN

A strip footing 2 m wide carries a load intensity of 400

kPa at a depth of 1.2 m in sand. The saturated unit
weight of sand is 19.5 kN/m3 and unit weight above
water table is 16.8 kN/m3. If c = 0 and = 35o, determine
the factor of safety with respect to shear failure for the
following locations of water table.
1.Water table is 4 m below Ground Level
2.Water table is 1.2 m below Ground Level
3.Water table is 2.5 m below Ground Level
4.Water table is at Ground Level.
Using Terzaghis equation, take Nq = 41.4 and N = 42.4.
(Feb 2005)

q s 400 cN c D( N q 1) RW 1 0.5BN RW 2

1
D
F

No of bar =Total area/ area of one bar

= 1046.4/ (3.14/4)x12
Assume 12 mm dia bar
.
Provide 12 mm dia bars of 10 numbers.

Determination of area of main

reinforcement:
Ast= Percentage of steel X b X d
Percentage of steel =
2

Take Mux and find Shorter direction steel

Factored Moment Factored Moment Mux =
116364.8 X 1.5
= 174547.2Nm

Determination of quantity of steel required:

Ast = Pt X b x d
Sub b= 400mm
d=545mm
Fck=20N/mm2
Fe=415 N/mm2
In the Pt formula and find Pt
Pt=0.45 %
Ast =( 0.45/100) X400 x545=981mm2

No of bar =Total area/ area of one bar

= 981/ (3.14/4)x12
Assume 12 mm dia bar .
Provide 12 mm dia bars of 9 numbers.

Reinforcement details of rectangular footing:

Combined footing
Whenever two or more columns in a straight line
are carried on a single spread footing, it is called
a combined footing. Isolated footings for each
column are generally the economical.
Combined footings are provided only when it is
absolutely necessary, as
1.When two columns are close together, causing
overlap of adjacent isolated footings
2.Where soil bearing capacity is low, causing
overlap of adjacent isolated footings
3.Proximity of building line or existing building or
sewer, adjacent to a building column

Types of combined footing

1. Slab type

2. Slab and beam type

3. Strap type
53

Design Steps
Locate the point of application of the
column
loads on the footing.
Proportion the footing such that the
resultant of loads passes through the
center of footing.
Compute the area of footing such
that the allowable soil pressure is not
exceeded.
Calculate the shear forces and
bending moments at the salient
points and hence draw SFD and BMD.
Fix the depth of footing from the
maximum bending moment.
65
Calculate the transverse bending

Design of combined footing

Slab and Beam type
1. Two interior columns A and B
carry 700 kN and 1000 kN loads
respectively. Column A is 350
mm x 350 mm and column B is
400 mm X 400 mm in section.
The centre to centre spacing
between columns is 4.6 m. The
soil on which the footing rests is
capable of providing resistance
of
130
kN/m2.
Design
a
combined footing by providing a
central beam joining the two
66

Solution: Data
fck = 25 Nlmm2,
fy= 250 N/mm2,
fb = l30 kN/m2 (SBC),
Column A = 350 mm x 350 mm,
Column B = 400 mm x 400 mm,
c/c spacing of columns = 4.6 m,
PA = 700 kN and PB = 1000 kN
Required: To design combined footing with
central beam joining the two columns.
Ultimate loads

67

Proportioning of base size

Working load carried by column A = PA = 700 kN
Working load carried by column B = PB = 1000 kN
Self weight of footing 10 % x (PA + PB) = 170 kN
Total working load = 1870 kN
Required area of footing = Af = Total load /SBC
=1870/130 = 14.38 m2
Let the width of the footing = Bf = 2m
Required length of footing = Lf = Af /Bf = 14.38/2 = 7.19m
Provide footing of size 7.2m X 2m,Af = 7.2 x 2 = 14.4 m2
68

For uniform pressure distribution the C.G. of

the footing should coincide with the C.G. of
column loads. Let x be the distance of C.G.
from the centre line of column A
Then x = (PB x 4.6)/(PA + PB) = (1000 x 4.6)/(1000 +700)
= 2.7 m from column A.
If the cantilever projection of footing beyond column A
is a
then, a + 2.7 = Lf /2 = 7.2/2, Therefore a = 0.9 m
Similarly if the cantilever projection of footing beyond B
is 'b'
then, b + (4.6-2.7) = Lf /2 = 3.6 m,
Therefore b = 3.6 - 1.9 = 1.7 m
The details are shown in Figure
69

700 kN

1000 kN

a=900
C

4600 mm
A

b=1700
B

pu=177 kN/m2
wu=354 kN/m
Combined footing with loads

70

1.Definitions
Bearing capacity is the power of foundation
soil to hold the forces from the superstructure
without undergoing shear failure or excessive
settlement. Foundation soil is that portion of
ground which is subjected to additional
stresses when foundation and superstructure
are constructed on the ground. The following
are a few important terminologies related to
bearing capacity of soil.

Ultimate Bearing Capacity (qf) : It is the

maximum pressure that a foundation soil
can withstand without undergoing shear
failure.
Net ultimate Bearing Capacity (qn) : It is
the maximum extra pressure (in addition to
initial overburden pressure) that a
foundation soil can withstand without
undergoing shear failure.

qo represents the overburden pressure at

foundation level and is equal to D for level
ground without surcharge where is the unit
weight of soil and D is the depth to foundation
bottom from Ground Level.
Safe Bearing Capacity (qs) : It is the safe
extra load the foundation soil is subjected to in
addition to initial overburden pressure.

Allowable Bearing Pressure (qa) : It is the maximum

pressure the foundation soil is subjected to
considering both shear failure and settlement.
Foundation is that part of the structure which is
in direct contact with soil. Foundation transfers
the forces and moments from the super structure
to the soil below such that the stresses in soil
are within permissible limits and it provides
stability against sliding and overturning to the
super structure. It is a transition between the
super structure and foundation soil. The job of a
geotechnical engineer is to ensure that both
foundation and soil below are safe against failure
and do not experience excessive settlement.
Footing and foundation are synonymous.

2.2 Modes of shear failure

Depending on the stiffness of foundation soil and
depth of foundation, the following are the modes of
shear failure experienced by the foundation soil.
General shear failure
Local shear failure
Punching shear failure

General Shear Failure

This type of failure is seen in dense and stiff
soil. The following are some characteristics
of general shear failure.
Continuous, well defined and distinct
failure surface develops between the edge
of footing and ground surface.
Dense or stiff soil that undergoes low
compressibility experiences this failure.
Continuous bulging of shear mass
adjacent to footing is visible.
Failure is accompanied by tilting of footing.

Local Shear Failure

This type of failure is seen in relatively
loose and soft soil. The following are some
characteristics of general shear failure.
A significant compression of soil below the
footing and partial development of plastic
equilibrium is observed.
Failure is not sudden and there is no tilting
of footing.
Failure surface does not reach the ground
surface and slight bulging of soil around
the footing is observed.
Failure surface is not well defined.

Punching Shear Failure

This type of failure is seen in loose and
soft soil and at deeper elevations. The
following are some characteristics of
general shear failure.
This type of failure occurs in a soil of very
high compressibility.
Failure pattern is not observed.
Bulging of soil around the footing is
absent.
Failure is characterized by very large
settlement

General Shear Failure

Local/Punching Shear
Failure

Occurs in dense/stiff soil

Occurs in loose/soft soil

Results in small strain (<5%) Results

in

large

strain

(>20%)
Failure pattern well defined Failure pattern not well
& clear
Bulging

defined
formed

in

the No Bulging observed in the

neighbourhood of footing at neighbourhood of footing

the surface

Extent of horizontal spread of Extent of horizontal spread

disturbance at the surface of
large

at

the

surface very small

Observed

in

shallow Observed

foundations
Failure

disturbance

is

catastrophic

in

foundations
sudden

& Failure is gradual

deep

2.3 Terzaghis bearing Capacity Theory

Terzaghi (1943) was the first to propose a comprehensive
theory for evaluating the safe bearing capacity of shallow
foundation with rough base.

Assumptions
Soil is homogeneous and Isotropic.
The shear strength of soil is represented
by Mohr Coulombs Criteria.
The footing is of strip footing type with
rough base. It is essentially a two
dimensional plane strain problem.
Elastic zone has straight boundaries
inclined at an angle equal to to the
horizontal.

Limitations
The theory is applicable to shallow
foundations
As the soil compresses, increases
which is not considered. Hence fully
plastic zone may not develop at the
assumed .
All points need not experience limit
equilibrium condition at different loads.
Method of superstition is not
acceptable in plastic conditions as the
ground is near failure zone.

Ultimate bearing capacity,

q f cN c DN q 0.5BN
If the ground is subjected to additional surcharge load q, then

q f cN c (D q) N q 0.5BN
Net ultimate bearing capacity,

q n cN c DN q 0.5BN D
q n cN c D ( N q 1) 0.5BN

Safe bearing capacity,

1
qs cN c D( N q 1) 0.5BN
D
F
Here,

F = Factor of safety (usually 3)

c = cohesion
= unit weight of soil
D = Depth of foundation
q = Surcharge at the ground level
B = Width of foundation
Nc, Nq, N = Bearing Capacity factors

Effect of shape of Foundation

The shape of footing influences the
bearing capacity. Terzaghi and other
contributors have suggested the correction
to the bearing capacity equation for
shapes other than strip footing based on
their experimental findings. The following
are the corrections for circular, square and
rectangular footings.

Circular footing
q f 1.3cN c DN q 0.3BN
Square footing

q f 1.3cN c DN q 0.4BN
Rectangular footing

B
B
q f (1 0.3 )cN c DN q (1 0.2 )0.5BN
L
L

DESIGN AND DETAILING

OF RETAINING WALLS
Learning Outcomes:

After this class students will be able to do the

complete design and detailing of different types of
retaining walls.

88

RETAINING WALL
Retaining walls are usually
built to hold back soil mass.
However, retaining walls can
also be constructed for
aesthetic
landscaping
purposes.

GL2

BACK
SOIL
GL1

Gravity retaining wall

89

Cantilever Retaining wall

with shear key

Batter
Drainage Hole
Toe

90

Photos of Retaining
walls

91

Classification of
Retaining walls
Gravity wall-Masonry or Plain
concrete
Cantilever retaining wall-RCC
(Inverted T and L)
Counterfort retaining wall-RCC
Buttress wall-RCC

92

Classification of Retaining
walls
Backfill

Tile
drain

Gravity RW

Backfill

L-Shaped RW

T-Shaped RW

Backfill
Counterfort

Counterfort RW

Buttress

Weep
hole

Buttress RW
93

Earth Pressure (P)

Earth pressure is the pressure
exerted by the retaining material
on the retaining wall. This pressure
tends to deflect the wall outward.

GL

Types of earth pressure :

Active earth pressure or earth
pressure (Pa) and
Passive earth pressure (Pp).
Active earth pressure tends to
deflect the wall away from the
backfill.

Pa

Variation of Earth pressure

94

Factors affecting earth

pressure

Earth pressure depends on type of

backfill, the height of wall and the
soil conditions
Soil conditions: The different soil
conditions are

Dry leveled back fill

Moist leveled backfill
Submerged leveled backfill
Leveled backfill with uniform
surcharge
Backfill with sloping surface

95

Analysis for dry back

fills
Maximum pressure at any height, p=kah
Total pressure at any height from top,
pa=1/2[kah]h = [kah2]/2
Bending moment at any height
M=paxh/3= [kah3]/6
Total pressure, Pa= [kaH2]/2
Total Bending moment at bottom,
M = [kaH3]/6

GL

h
H
Pa

GL

M
kaH
H=stem height
96

 Where, ka= Coefficient of active earth pressure

= (1-sin)/(1+sin)=tan2
= 1/kp, coefficient of passive earth

pressure

repose

= Angle of internal friction or angle of

=Unit weigh or density of backfill

If = 30, ka=1/3 and kp=3. Thus ka is 9 times kp

97

Backfill with sloping surface

pa= ka H at the bottom and
is parallel to inclined
surface of backfill

GL

ka =
Where =Angle of
surcharge
Total pressure at bottom
=Pa= ka H2/2

98

Stability requirements of RW

It should not overturn

It should not slide
It should not subside, i.e Max.
pressure at the toe should not
exceed the safe bearing capacity of
the soil under working condition

99

Check against overturning

Factor of safety against
overturning
= MR / MO 1.55 (=1.4/0.9)
Where,
MR =Stabilising moment or
restoring moment
MO =overturning moment
MR>1.2 MO, ch. DL + 1.4 MO,
ch. IL
0.9 MR 1.4 MO, ch IL
100

Check against Sliding

FOS against sliding

= Resisting force to
sliding/

Horizontal force
causing

sliding

= W/Pa 1.55
(=1.4/0.9)

1.4 = ( 0.9W)/Pa

Friction W
SLIDING OF WALL
101

Maximum pressure at the toe

x1

x2

W4

W1

W2

Pa
R
W3

T
x

b/6
b

Pmax

H/3

b/2

Pmin.

Pressure below the

Retaining Wall
102

Let the resultant R due to W and Pa

lie at a distance x from the toe.
X = M/W,
M = sum of all moments about toe.

Eccentricity of the load = e = (b/2-x) b/6

Minimum pressure at heel=
>Zero.
For zero pressure, e=b/6, resultant should cut
the base within the middle third.
Maximum pressure at toe=
SBC of soil.
103

Depth of foundation
Rankines formula:
Df =

Df

104

Preliminary Proportioning

(T
shaped
wall)
Stem: Top width 200 mm to

400 mm
Base slab width b= 0.4H to
0.6H, 0.6H to 0.75H for
surcharged wall
Base slab thickness= H/10 to
H/14
Toe projection= (1/3-1/4)
Base width

200

tp= (1/3-1/4)b

H/10
H/14

b= 0.4H to 0.6H

105

Design of Cantilever RW
Stem, toe and heel acts as cantilever slabs
Stem design: Mu=psf (ka H3/6)
Determine the depth d from Mu = Mu,
2
lim=Qbd
Design as balanced section or URS and
find steel
Mu=0.87 fy Ast[d-fyAst/(fckb)]
106

Curtailment of bars
Effective depth (d) is
Proportional to h

Dist.
from
top

h1
Ast/2

h2

Bending moment is
Every
3
proportional
to
h
alternate
h1c

bar cut

Ldt
Ast

Ast is l to (BM/d) and is

l to h2

h2
Ast/2

Ast
Provided

Ast1 h12
i.e.
2
Ast 2 h2

Ast

Cross section

Curtailment curve
107

Design of Heel and Toe

1.

2.
3.
4.
5.

Heel slab and toe slab should also be designed

as cantilever. For this stability analysis should
be performed as explained and determine the
maximum bending moments at the junction.
Determine the reinforcement.
Also check for shear at the junction.
Provide enough development length.
Provide the distribution steel

108

Cantilever RW design
Design a cantilever retaining wall (T type) to retain earth for a
height of 4m. The backfill is horizontal. The density of soil is
18kN/m3. Safe bearing capacity of soil is 200 kN/m 2. Take the
co-efficient of friction between concrete and soil as 0.6. The
angle of repose is 30. Use M20 concrete and Fe415 steel.

Solution
Data: h' = 4m, SBC= 200 kN/m 2, = 18 kN/m3, =0.6, =30
109

Depth of foundation
To fix the height of retaining
wall [H]
H= h' +Df
Depth of foundation

Df =

200

h1

Df
b

= 1.23m say 1.2m ,

Therefore H= 5.2m

110

Proportioning of
Thicknesswall
of base slab=(1/10

200

to1/14)H
0.52m to 0.43m, say 450 mm
Width of base slab=b = (0.5 to
0.6) H
2.6m to 3.12m say 3m
Toe projection= pj= (1/3 to )H
1m to 0.75m say 0.75m
Provide 450 mm thickness for
the stem at the base and 200

H=5200 mm

tp= 750 mm
450
b= 3000 mm

111

Design of stem
Ph= x 1/3 x 18 x 4.752=67.68 kN
M = Ph h/3 = 0.333 x 18 x 4.753/6

= 107.1 kN-m
Mu= 1.5 x M = 160.6 kN-m
h
P
Taking 1m length of wall,
Mu/bd2= 1.004 < 2.76, URS
M
(Here d=450- eff. Cover=450-50=400
D
mm)
k h
To find steel
Pt=0.295% <0.96%
3
Or
M
=
[k
H
]/6
2
u
a
Ast= 0.295x1000x400/100 = 1180 mm
#12 @ 90 < 300 mm and 3d ok
112
a

Curtailment of bars-Stem
Curtail 50% steel from
top
(h1/h2)2 = 50%/100%=
(h1/4.75)2 = , h1 =
3.36m
Actual point of cutoff
= 3.36-Ld=3.36-47 bar
= 3.36-0.564 = 2.74m
from top.
Spacing of bars = 180
mm c/c < 300 mm and

Dist.
from
top

h1
Ast/2

Every
alternate
bar cut

h2
h1c

Ldt
Ast

h2
Ast/2
Ast

113

Ast
Provid
ed

Design of stem-Contd.,
Development length (Stem
steel)
Ld=47 bar =47 x 12 = 564
mm

200

H=5200 mm

Secondary steel for stem at

front
0.12% GA
= 0.12x450 x 1000/100 =
540 mm2
#10 @ 140 < 450 mm and
5d ok
Distribution steel

tp= 750 mm
450
b= 3000 mm

114

Drawing and detailing

#12 @ 180

#10 @ 140

#12 @ 90
#16 @ 190

#10 @ 140

C/S OF WALL

L/S ELEVATION OF WALL