11 Chem: 8.2.

4 The
Chemical Earth
4.Energy is required to extract elements
from their naturally occurring sources

What can you recall about Physical

and Chemical Changes??
Create a mind map in your books about
what you already know.

identify the differences between physical and

chemical change in terms of rearrangement of
particles

http://education-portal.com/academy/lesson
/states-of-matter-and-chemical-versus-phys
ical-changes-to-matter.html

Physical Change

In a physical change the intermolecular bonds (which are

fairly weak) are broken. In a physical change no new
substances are formed, rather the substance changes its
state. For example water boiling.
In this example there are no new substances formed and thus
there is no rearrangement of particles within molecules.
Rather energy is provided to the molecules via the heat which
causes them to have enough energy to separate themselves
from one another (i.e. the intermolecular bonds are broken).
The result is that some water particles leave the surface of
the liquid (can be seen when the water evaporates).

 In a physical change the energy change is

relatively small. Also a physical change is
easy to reverse (condensation of water). In
a physical change there are mass changes.
(I.e. the mass of the substance will change
after a physical change)
What are the intermolecular forces? Please
list them with a description of what they
are.

Chemical Change
In a chemical change however the
intramolecular bonds (which are relatively
strong) are broken. In a chemical change,
new substances are formed. An example of
this can be seen during the electrolysis of
water.

 In this example, two new substances, O2 and H2 are formed.

Thus there is a clear rearrangement of particles. In
electrolysis, there is a lot more energy provided to the water
molecules, enough energy is provided to break the
intramolecular bonds between the hydrogen and the oxygen
In the apparatus the negative oxygen ions are attracted to
the positively charged cathode where as the positive
hydrogen ions are attracted to the negatively charged
cathode. Thus electrolysis proved enough energy to split
intramolecular bonds, causing the re-arrangement of
particles to form two new substances.

Summarise the difference between the boiling

and electrolysis of water as an example of the
difference between physical and chemical
changes
Boiling

Electrolysis

Physical Change
Breaks intermolecular
forces
Changes physical state
(liquid to gas)
Relatively low amount of
energy needed

Chemical change
Breaks intramolecular
forces
Relatively large amount of
energy needed

Student Homework:
Conquering chemistry:
Pg 70; Q1 & 3

identify light, heat and electricity as the common forms

of energy that may be released or absorbed during the
decomposition or synthesis of substances and identify
examples of these changes occurring in everyday life

Decomposition is the breaking down of

compounds into simpler substances.
Synthesis is the joining of simpler substances to
form more complex substances through chemical
reactions.
Heat, light and electricity are common forms of
energy released or absorbed during various
synthesis and decomposition reactions.
Heat may be absorbed or released in endothermic
and exothermic reactions, respectively.

Examples of
Decomposition
Example

Method used

Energy absorbed or
released

Production of metals from

their ores. Eg. Copper
from copper carbonate

Heat in furnace

Heat energy is absorbed

by the copper carbonate,
resulting in
decomposition

Development of film

Action of sunlight on
silver bromide (film)

Solar energy (light) is

used to decompose silver
bromide.

The combustion of
magnesium

Burn magnesium in air

Results in a brilliant light

and considerable
amounts of heat being
released.

Production of aluminium
from aluminium oxide (in
bauxite)

Pass electricity through

molten aluminium oxide

Electrical energy is
absorbed

Examples of Synthesis
Example

Method used

Energy absorbed or
released

The rusting of iron

Iron reacts with oxygen in the

air, in the presence of water to
form iron (III) oxide

Energy released in the form of

heat

Photosynthesis

Carbon dioxide and water

combine to form glucose and
oxygen

Light energy is absorbed and

heat energy is released

Formation of nitrogen oxides in

the atmosphere

Lighting causes atmospheric

nitrogen to combine with
oxygen to form nitrogen
monoxide

Electrical energy is absorbed

Burning of coal or coke to

produce electricity or to make
steel

Coal is heated in furnaces

Heat energy is absorbed to the

start the reaction. Heat energy
is also produced.

Observe the Electrolysis of

Water
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=T-OwW
OYHhMI

explain that the amount of energy needed to

separate atoms in a compound is an indication of
the strength of the attraction, or bond, between
them

The amount of energy needed to decompose

chemical compounds and mixtures is indicative
of the strength of the bonds. Stronger bonds
require more energy to break them, a prominent
example being the difference between boiling
water and electrolysis.
What bonds are being broken with the boiling of
water?
What are the bonds being broken in the
electrolysis of water?

 Another example is that mercury oxide can be easily decomposed

by heating whereas potassium oxide cannot. This indicates that
the potassium is more reactive than the mercury so it forms a
stronger intramolecular attraction. Therefore more energy is
required to overcome the strong attraction between atoms.
Activity: Please write a balanced equation for the reactions
mentioned above
Intramolecular bonds are very strong and therefore require more
energy to break than intermolecular bonds.
This can be seen in example of the boiling/electrolysis of water.
Heat energy is enough to break the intermolecular bonds to
cause the change of state, but electrical energy is needed to
break the intramolecular bonds to create two new substances.

Student Homework
Conquering Chemistry:
Pg 75: Qs 5, 6, 7 & 10

Household Chemicals

NaHCO3 Sodium Carbonate

NaClO

NH3

NaCl Sodium Chloride

H2O2 Hydrogen Peroxide

Sodium Hypochlorite

Nitrogen Trihydride

Household Chemicals

NaHCO3 Baking Soda

NaClO

NH3

Ammonia

NaCl

Salt

H2O2 Hydrogen Peroxide

Bleach

Nomenclature Terms
Binary Compound :

contains 2 elements
Binary Ionic Compound :

a metal and a nonmetal

-> metal named first
If metal has more than one charge must indicate charge with (Roman
numerals) or
Latin endings

-ous

= lower charge

- ic

= higher charge

Nomenclature Terms
Binary Covalent Compound:
two nonmetals
Least electronegative element named first
Second element has -ide ending
Greek prefixes indicate subscripts
1 = mono- 6 = hexa2 = di- 7 = hepta3 = tri- 8 = octa4 = tetra- 9 = nona5 = penta- 10 = deca-

Nomenclature Terms
Nonbinary Compound:
more than two elements

probably contains polyatomic ion(s)

Name the polyatomic cation first

Name the polyatomic anion second

MUST KNOW the polyatomic ions by name and

formula to recognise them

Nomenclature Flow Chart

Naming of Acids
If anion does not contain oxygen:
Start with Hydro Add ic to the end
Ex: HCl: Cl- is chloride, so the acid is Hydrochloric acid

If anion contains oxygen:

Look at the ending
If ite, use anion root and -ous
Ex: HNO2: NO2- is nitrite, so the acid is Nitrous acid
If ate, use anion root and -ic
Ex: H2SO4: SO42- is sulfate, so the acid is Sulfuric acid

Nomenclature Practice
Name the following compounds:

Ba(OH)2

CaS

MgSO4

K2SO3

P 2 O5

N 2O

NaC2H3O2

Fe3(PO4)2

SO3

LiF

Fe3(PO4)2

Student Homework
Conquering Chemistry
Pg 79: Qs 11, 12, 13, 14, 15 & 16
Pg 81: Qs 17, 18 & 19
(this homework is very important the
more practice you have at chemical
formulas and equations the easier
chemistry will be in the future!)