Bacterial Physiology

Bacterial chemical
components

Water: free water and compound water.

Inorganic salt: phosphus, potassium

magnesium, calcium, nitrium,etc.

Protein: 50%-80% of dry weight according
bacterial kinds and age.
Sugar: mainly distributing in cell wall and
capsule.
Lipids: composed of lipid, fatty acid, wax, etc.
Nucleic acid: RNA and DNA.

Environmental factors affecting

growth of bacteria
1.

Nutrients
2. Temperature
3. hydrogen ion concentration ( pH )
4. Oxygen Requirements:
5. Osmotic pressure

Bacterial Nutrition and Growth

Classification

based on their source of

carbon

1. Autotrophs
2. Heterotrophs :saprophytes ;
parasites

Nutrient requirements of
bacterial growth:
1. Water
2.

Carbon source
3. Nitrogen source
4. Minerals
5. Growth factors that a cell must
have for growth but cannot synthesize itself. Such as
amino acids, purines , pyrimidines ,
and vitamins

X
V

Temperature
Psychrophilic

forms (15-20)

forms 3037 include all human pathogens and

opportunists.

Mesophilic

Thermophilic

forms 50-60

pH

Neutrophiles 5 to 8

Acidophiles below 5.5

Alkaliphiles above 8.5

Gas Requirements

Obligate anaerobes
catalase

, peroxidase ,
superoxide dismutase

2O2- + 2H+
2H2O2

H O +AH

SOD

H2O2+O2

2H2O +O2

CO2
N. meningitidis
N. gonorrhoeae

Bacterial Growth
Bacteria

multiply by binary fission

time the time it takes

for a population of bacteria to double in
number

Generation

common bacteria 20~60 min

most common pathogens in the body 5-10
hours
many

Population dynamics -the growth curve

The Lag Phase (A)
b. The Exponential Phase (C)
c. The Maximum Stationary Phase
(E)
d. The Death or decline Phase
(F)
a.

growth curve

9.0
8.5
8.0
7.5
7.0
6.5
6.0
5.5
0

10

15

20

25

30

Microbial Metabolism

Energy Metabolism
Medical Important Metabolic Products
1. anabolic processes
2. catabolic processes

Energy Metabolism
1.Cellular respiration

is the process cells use to

convert the energy in the chemical bonds of
nutrients to ATP energy.
ATP
Aerobic respiration
Anaerobic respiration
2. Fermentation

Metabolic Products and Biochemical

Testing

Carbohydrate Fermentation Tests

a.

b. Methyl Red (MR) Test

c. Voges-Proskauer (VP) Test

d.Citrate Utilization Test

+
-

e. Indole Test

Indol test

Methyl test

VP test

Citrate utilization test

I M Vi C

M
+

Vi

Hydrogen Sulfide (H2S ) Production

g. Urease Test
f.

Synthetic Products
a. Pyrogen
This

is a fever-producing substance synthesized by

bacteria.

LPS/ / 250
/

b. Toxins and Invasive Enzyme

Exotoxin
Invasive

Enzyme

c. Pigments

e. Bactericin
f. Vitamins
d. Antibiotics

Artificial Cultivation of Bacteria

Medium

Classification according to basic

ingredients
Minimal essential growth medium

b. Enrichment medium
c. Selective medium
d. Differential medium
a.

Classification according to
physical condition:
liquid medium
b solid medium
C semisolid medium
a

Phenomena of bacterial growth

In

liquid medium

 On

plate

 Semisolid

medium

Purposes of bacterial artificial

cultivation

designated by a Latin binominal

Staphylococcus

(genus) aureus (species)

Bacterial Classification

Some of the features

that have been used to
classify
bacteria

Gram stain (cell wall structure)

Mole percent G+C in the genome
Growth temperature
Ability to form heat stable spores
Electron acceptors for respiration (if any)
Photosynthetic ability
Motility
Cell shape
Ability to use various carbon and nitrogen sources
Special nutritional requirements (e.g., vitamins)