ECONOMICAL INSIGHT

INTO CHENNAI METRO

RAIL
BY
D SURAJ KUMAR 712CE3150
NAMAN KUMAR 712CE3155

CONTENTS
INTRODUCTION
NEED OF METRO TO CHENNAI
DEMAND AND FINANCIAL ANALYSIS
COST ESTIMATES
FLASHBACK(A CHRONOLOGICAL SERIES OF EVENTS)
CONCLUSION
REFERRANCES

INTRODUCTION

TheChennai Metro RailisarapidtransitsysteminChennai,TamilNadu,India.PhaseIofthe

projectconsistsoftwocorridorscoveringalengthof45.1kilometresThefirstlineofPhase1hasbeen
partiallycompletedandisopenforpublicservice.About55%ofthecorridorsinPhaseIare
underground,withtheremainingcorridorselevated.

Uponfullcompletion,ChennaiMetroRailwillbethefirstmetroprojectinthecountrythatwill
integrateotherpublictransportationsystems.Theprojectisexpectedtoreducethecommutingtimeby
75%fromoneendofthecitytoanother.Thestateandcentralgovernmentsarealsoworkingtogether
fortheCMRL(ChennaiMetroRailLimited)totakeovertheChennaiMassRapidTransitSystem
(MRTS)sothatthelatterwouldgetamakeoverwithmodernisedstations,integratedticketing
systems,betterfacilitiesforpassengers,increasedfrequencyofservicestakingintoconsideration
passengerdemands,andalsoleadtobettermaintenance.

ThefirststretchofChennaiMetroRail,coveringthesevenstationsfromKoyambedutoAlandurover

adistanceof10kilometresbeganoperationon29June2015.ChiefMinisterofTamilNaduJ
JayalalithaflaggedoffMetroservicewhilePreethi,oneofthewomendriversofChennaiMetro,drove
thetrainoutofAlandurstation

MAP OF CHENNAI METRO

ROUGHSKETCHOFCHENNAIMETROROUTEMAPSFOR
PHASE1&2INCLUDINGPROPOSEDEXTENSION

HISTORY

Citiesareamatrixoffunctionsandactivityandatthehelmofthisactivityismobility.Beforetheinterventionof
automobilescommutingwasslowerandcleaner.Butasthecitiesgrewinnumberstheneedforcommutingmore
peoplealsogrew.TherehasbeenasignificanttransformationintheurbantransportsectorinChennai,fromits
earlierdependencyonwaterwaystoitscurrentmodeofrailandroadtransport.SincetheUrbanInfrastructureand
Governance(UIG)programunderJawaharlalNehruNationalUrbanRenewalMission(JnNURM)hasenabledcities
toupgradetheirpublictransportsystems,theaspirationofstateandcitygovernmentshasbroadenedtocreatea
worldclasstransportinfrastructurelayinghopesforamodernmetro/monorail.

Kolkatawasthefirstcityinthecountrytohaveanundergroundmetrorailprimarilyduetolackofadequateroads
andcongestionassociatedwiththeroadtransport.ThetrafficcongestioninDelhiduetolargenumberofprivate
vehiclesespeciallycarsandtheincreasingairpollutionforcedthecitytoinvestinthemetro.Thesuccessfulrunning
ofDelhiMetroRailCorporation(DMRC)hasnowinspiredothermetropolitancitieslikeBangalore,Chennai,
HyderabadandAhmedabadtopursuethismodeofpublictransport.

NEED
INTRODUCTION

Chennaiisthefourth-largestcityinIndia.Itisacoastalcitywiththesecondlargestbeachintheworld.The
climateishotandhumidbutthebreezeblowingfromtheseamakestheclimatebearable.ItisIndia'smajor
leather-producingcenterandthequalityofleathercompareswiththefinestintheworld.TheCitywithits
presentpopulationofabout8milliongeneratesabout11milliontripsinaday,withabout6millionvehicular
trips.Theevergrowingvehicularandpassengerdemandscoupledwithconstraintsoncapacityaugmentation
oftheexistingnetworkhaveresultedinchaoticconditionduringpeakhoursoftheday.

TRANSPORT STUDIES

AnumberoftransportationstudieswerecarriedoutinthepastforChennaiMetropolitanDevelopment
Authority(CMDA).Thesestudiesdiscussedtravelpattern,networkcharacteristicsandthedegreeoftraffic
saturationontheexistingroadsintheStudyArea.Thefollowingstudieswhichrecommendedtransportation
improvementsinCMDA,havebeenreviewed.

ComprehensiveTrafficandTransportationStudy(CTTS)forChennai

TheStudywascarriedoutin1992-95forChennaiMetropolitanAuthority(CMA)alongwiththepreparation
ofSecondMasterplan.AspartoftheCTTSstudyshort,mediumandlong-termmeasuresforimprovement
ofroadandtransportinfrastructurewereidentifiedandprioritizedforinvestmentpurpose.
7

SELECTION OF CORRIDORS
A feasibility study was carried out in 2003 to select and priortise the corridors for Chennai metro.
Based on detailed traffic surveys, following corridors were recommended:Corridor-1:NH-45(Airport)-TiruvottiyurHighRoad(uptoTiruvottiyur)

Washermenpet

Corridor-2:AlongPoonamallaiHighRoad(Corporationlimits)-Central-Fort-Beach
Corridor-3:AmbathurIndustrialArea(Mogapair)--Tiruvanmiyur
Corridor-4:Porur-KamrajairSalai
Corridor-5:Ringroad
Corridor-6:RadhakrishnanSalaiRoad-KMC
Corridor-7:AlongNH5Road
Out

of these corridors, following 2 corridors have been selected in consultation with state govt. for phase 1: Corridor-1 Airport to washermenpet
Corridor-2 Fort - Anna Nagar- Ring road- St. thomas Mount
8

TRAFFIC DEMAND

LANDREQUIREMENTS
ABSTRACTOFLANDREQUIREMENTSFORDIFFERENTCOMPONENTSOFTHEPROJECTIS
GIVENBELOW.MOSTOFTHELANDPROPOSEDFORTHEPROJECTISGOVT.LAND
10

TRAIN OPERATION PLAN

SalientFeaturesoftheproposedtrainsoperationplanare:
Runningofservicesfor19hoursoftheday(5AMtoMidnight)withastationdwelltimeof30seconds,
Makeuptimeof5-10%with8-12%coasting.
Scheduledspeedforthesecorridorshasbeenassumedas34Kmph

TheCapacitytrainsusedaregivenbelow:

4CarTrain:1038Passengers(@6personspersqmofstandingarea)6CarTrain:1580Passengers(@6personspersqmofstandingarea)

6CarTrain:1580Passengers(@6personspersqmofstandingarea)

COACHREQUIREMENT

Corridor

Year

Headway
(min)

No. of
Rakes

Rake
Consist

No. of
Coaches

1.Washermanpet

2014

4.5

23

4 car

92

- Chennai

2016

3.5

30

4 car

120

Central - Airport

2026

3.5

30

6 car

180

2.Chennai Central

2014

4.5

23

4 car

92

- Anna NagarSt. Thomas

2016

34

4 car

136

Mount

2026

34

6 car

204

11

COST ESTIMATES

CapitalcostsworkoutatMarch2007pricelevelasdescribedhereunder

Costs are excluding taxes and duties, but including general charges @ 5% on all
items except land and 3% contingencies on all items

Corridor 1

Rs 5,997
Crores

Corridor 2

Rs
Crores

5,106

12

InvestmentCost
TheFinancialInternalRateofReturn(FIRR),thecompletioncostwithouttaxesandwithcentraltaxeshavebeencalculatedbytaking
escalationfactor@5%PA.IthasbeenassumedthatGovernmentofTamilnaduwillexemptorreimburselocaltaxes.Thetotal
completioncostsdulyescalatedandshownbelow

Year-WiseInvestment(FiginRsCr)

FINANCING OPTIONS, FARE STRUCTURE AND

With
FINANCIAL VIABILITY

Financial
Year

2008-09
2009-10
20109-11
2011-12
2012-13
2013-14
2014-15
Total

Without
Taxes &

Duties

533.00
2971.00
3080.00
2705.00
1544.00
1621.00
613.00
13067.00

Central
Taxes only

570.00
3279.00
3484.00
3096.00
1767.00
1853.00
701.00
14750.00

13

CONTD.
REVENUES

TheRevenueforChennaimetromainlyconsistsoffareboxcollectionandotherincomes
frompropertydevelopment,advertisement,parkingetc.

TRAFFIC
Thegrowthratefortrafficisassumedat5.2%per annum

Year

Corridor-1 & 2
Trips per day (lakhs)

2013-14

6.66

2016-17

7.75

2026-27

12.87

14

FARES
The prevailing bus rates of Metropolitan Chennai
Corporation(Limited) have been elescated by an overall factor of
20% as the state government has not increased fare for same
time.Doubling the bus fare rounded to nearest rupee gives the
metro fare
The fare structure is evaluated by a commitee ; based on lines of
Delhi metro action

15

FARE STRUCTURE IN 2013-14

Distance in kms

Metro Fare

kms.

(Rs.)

0-2

8.00

2-4

10.00

4-6

11.00

6-9

14.00

9-12

15.00

12-15

17.00

15-18

18.00

18-21

19.00

21-24

20.00

24-27

22.00

>27

23.00

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IMPLEMENTATION PLAN
ThefollowingactionhasbeenberequiredtakenforimplementingtheCorridor-1&Corridor-2ofChennaiMetroproject:
ApprovaltotheDetailedProjectReporttobetakenfromtheTamilNaduGovernment(CabinetApproval):

GovernmentofTamilNaduvideitsCabinetdecisionof7.11.07approvedtheproject.
FormationofSPV:TheGovernmentofTamilNaduapprovedtheformationofSPVinDecember2007.TheSPVwas
RegisteredinDecember2007andhasbeenfunctioningasChennaiMetroRailLimited(CMRL).CMRLhasappointed
DelhiMetroRailCorporationasInterimConsultan
BudgetaryAllocation:BudgetaryAllocationforChennaiMetrobyGovernmentofTamilNaduwasRs.50crorein
2007-08andanoutlayofRs.300crorehasbeenapprovedfor2008-09.
Foranyconstructionswithin50m.oftheproposedalignmentasystemofNoObjectionCertificatehasbeen
introduced.
SigningofanMOUbetweenTamilNaduGovernmentandGovernmentofIndiaforalldetailsoftheJointVenture
bringingoutthefinancialinvolvementofeachparty,liabilityfortheloansraised,theadministrativecontrolintheSPV,
policyinregardtofarestructure,operationalsubsidy,ifany,etc.

17

FLASH BACK(CHRONOLOGICAL ORDER OF

EVENTS)

2008

16 April:Planningcommissiongivesin-principleapprovalfortheprojec

21 November:DealsignedwithJapanBankingCorporationforprocuring59%loanatTokyo

2009

20 January:TendersfloatedforPhaseIoftheMetroproject;winningbidderyettobeannounced,worktocommenceintheendofFebruaryorbeginningofMarch.

29 January:ChennaiMetrobecomesoneofthefastestprojectstogetapprovalfromtheEconomicMinistry,signedforcommencementbyofficiatingFinanceMinisterPranab
Mukherjee.

13 February:TheHyderabad-basedSomaEnterpriseLtdhasbeenawardeda199.2crorecontractintheChennaiMetroRailProject,markingthestartoftheworkontheproject.Ithas
begunconstructiononthe4.5kmstretchelevatedviaductalongtheIRR(InnerRingRoad)betweenKoyambeduandAshokNagar.Itdoesnotincludestationsasitwouldbetendered
separately

10 March:AFive-memberconsortiumledbyEgisRailSA,FrancehasbeenawardedtheUSD30milliongeneralconsultancycontractbyCMRL.Theothermembersoftheconsortium
areEgisIndiaConsultingEngineersPrivateLtd,India,MaunsellConsultantsAsiaLtd,HongKong,BalajiRailRoadSystemsLtd,IndiaandYachiyoEngineeringCoLtd,Japan

20 May:CMRLstartedtoevaluatetheintegrationofMetrocorridorwiththeplannedgradeseparatoratthejunctionofArcotRoadandJawaharlalNehruRoad

27 May:TrialPileLoadTestsarebeingconductedatthreelocationsinInnerRingRoad(IRR)AtAshokNagaroppositetoKaraikudiRestaurant,atVadapalanioppositetoHotel
AmbicaPalaceEmpireandatKoyambeduoppositetoSAFGamesVillage.

10 June:DeputyChiefMinisterofTamilNaduThiruMKStalininauguratedthepilingworkfortheconstructionofelevatedviaductfromKoyambedutoAshokNagar

23 July:Pre-qualificationtendersinvitedbyEMBYEconsultantfortherollingstock

30 July:SoiltestsconductedbyDMRCatWimcoNagar,PeriyarNagarandNeydhalNagarinTiruvottiyurforChennaiMetroExtension.

26August:TendersinvitedfortheelevatedviaductsfortheCorridor1fromSaidapetincludingstationviaductsuntilOTAandforCorridor2fromAshokNagarincludingstationviaducts
untilAlandur

4 September:Pre-qualificationtendersinvitedforundergroundstationsandtunnels.InviteforbidsareexpectedaroundJanuary2010.

31 December:Pre-qualificationtendersinvitedfortrackworks(designandbuild).InviteforbidsareexpectedaroundMay2010.

18

CONTD.

2010

11 January:Pre-qualificationtendersinvitedforpowersupplysystemandoverheadequipment(designandbuild).InviteforbidsareexpectedaroundMay2010.

28 January:LarsenandToubro(L&T)bagsthecontractfor9.73elevatedviaductsfromCorridor1fromSaidapetuntilOTA(5.17km@ 173.3crore)andforCorridor2fromAshok
NagaruntilStThomasMount(4.56km@141.13crore)valuedtogetherat314.43crore

12 February:Tendersinvitedfor10elevatedstationsandanintegratedviaduct-flyover@vadapalani.

12 March:TenderinvitedforKoyambeduDepotpre-fillingandtwoPQsinvitedforTelecom,PlatformScreenDoors&SignallingandLifts&Escalators.

29 March:ChennaiMetroProjectPhaseIIreceives2,932.6croreloanagreementfromJapan.FinanceMinistryofIndiasignsagreementwithJapaneseAmbassadortoIndiaHideaki
Domichi.[

19 April:Tenderforpre-fillingofKoyambedudepothasbeenawardedtoTantiaConstructionLimitedfor20.52crore.

22 June:Tendersfor10elevatedstationshavebeenawarded.FivestationsinKoyambedu,CMBT,Arumbakkam,VadapalaniandAshokNagar/KKNagarasonepackageatacostof
139.54croreandanotherfiveinLittleMount,Guindy,Alandur,OTA,andSIDCOasanotherpackageatacostof94.99crorehavebeenawardedtoConsolidatedConstruction
ConsortiumLimited.[

29 June:WorksonUndergroundsections,undergroundstations,signallingandtelecom,tracks,OHE,etc.wouldbeginbeforetheendof20102011financialyear.

2 August:RollingstocktendershavebeenawardedtoAlstomTransportSA&AlstomProjectsIndiaLtdconsortiumatacostof 1,471.3crore.42train-setsof4-carriage(bogie)
configuration(168coaches)istobeprocured.Thefirstdeliveryofcarriagesisexpectedtoreachbyendof2012.Thetrainsetswillbeequippedwithair-conditionedinteriors,electrically
operatedautomaticslidingdoors,regenerativebrakingsystem.[

19 August:Phase-Iextensionwillhave2.3kmundergroundand6.6kmelevatedwithsevenstations.[

30 October:MetrorailextensiontoTambaramwouldbeconsidered

2 November:DepotworkforPhaseIhasbeenawardedtoL&T

20 December:DMRCsubmittedaDetailedProjectReport(DPR)forextendingCorridor-IfromWashemenpettoWimcoNagar,adistanceof9km,atanestimatedcostof 2,240crore.
Alsotheofficialgo-aheadforstartingtheDetailedProjectReport(DPR)forthenextphaseisstillawaited

19

CONTD

2011

21 January:449.22-crorecontractfordesignandconstructionoftrackworkswasawardedtoajointventureofL&TandAlstom.crore198crorecontractforsupplyofliftsandescalatorswasawardedtoajointventureofJohnsonLiftsPvtLtdandSJEC
Corporation(China).

1 February:Transtonnelstroy-AFCONSJVbagstwocontractsforundergroundsectionswithvalueof1,567croreand1,031crorerespectively.Ajointventureofcity-basedMetroTunnellingandL&TSUCGsecuredthe.705.75-crorecontractto
designandbuildthreeundergroundstationsandassociatedtunnelsfromNehruParktoPachaiyappa'sCollege.

2 February:OJSCMosmetrostroy-GammonIndiaJVhasbeenawardedtwoundergroundpackagesforavalueof 932.88croreand1,047.42crore.

22 February:ContractforpowersupplyandOverheadElectrification(OHE)wasawardedtoSiemensAGofGermanyandSiemensLtdIndiaConsortiumfor 305crore.

3 March:AutomaticFareCollection(AFC)systemdesign-and-buildcontracttoNipponSignalCoLtdfor109.88crore.

7 March:Thecontractfortunnelventilationsystem(designandbuild)wasawardedtoEmiratesTradingAgencyLLC,DubaiandETAEngineeringPrivateLimited,Indiadonsortiumfor 241.83crore.UndergroundStationsAir-ConditioningSystem
contractwasawardedtoVoltasLtdfor196.2crore.

10 August:ContractforConstructionofElevatedStationatMeenambakkam,ViaductandCutCoverTunnelbetweenOTAStationandChennaiAirportStationwasawardedtoLancoInfratechLimitedfor178.94crore.

12 September:Workondouble-deckerstructureatArcotRoad100-ftRoadatVadapalanibegins.Thefour-laneflyoverbelowtheMetrowillbe700-mlongand18.6-mwide,with7.5-mwideserviceroadsand2.5-mwidedrainage-cum-footpathon
eitherside.

2012

22 March:ThecomplexengineeringoftheChennaiMetroRailconstruction.

7 April:TheMadrasHighCourtdismissesapetitionfiledbytheIndianNationalTrustforArtandCulturalHeritagechallengingthedemolitionoftherearsectionofthePORRandSonsbuildingonAnnaSalai.

10 September:TheerectionofelectricalmastsonelevatedviaductbetweenVadapalaniandKoyambeduwasstarted.30Mastswereerectedatthesiteandfurthererectionisgoingon.Intheelevatedviaduct,flexibleoverheadcatenarysystemisadopted.

24 September:Thetrackworksforabout3.5kmbetweenVadapalaniandCMBTstationshavebeencompleted.About2.6kmhasbeenhandedoverforothersystemworkssuchasOHEErectionetc.

4 October:Wallsarebeingbuiltbelowthesurfaceatallundergroundstationsites,includingMannadi,nearthehighcourtandChennaiCentral,inEgmore,atGovernmentEstate,nearLIC,inThousandLights,nearGeminiFlyover,Teynampet,Chamiers
Road,KilpaukMedicalCollege&Hospital,PachaiyappasCollege,AnnaNagarTower,inAnnaNagarEastandThirumangalam.

6 October:11TBMshavebeencommissionedtoboretunnelsalongtheundergroundstretch.ThefirstTBM,launchedinJuly,hasreadiedanearly100-metre-longtunnelandthesecondmachinewillbelaunchedwithinafortnight.AtotalofthreeTBMs
arestationedattheMayDayPark,Chintadripet.TwoTunnelBoringMachines(TBMs),justarrivedfromChina,willsoonbeginboringanundergroundpathfromSaidapettoGemini.

18 October:Eightbogies(coaches/carriages)shellsrequiredforthefirsttwotrainsiscompletedandfurtherfitmentofcables,pipes,panelsandequipmentsareprogressingwellinAlstomfactorylocatedinSoPaulo,Brazil.Mockupmodelofthe
passengersaloonandcabiscompletedinBrazil.ThesaloonmockupisshippedfromBrazilandisexpectedtoreachChennaibytheendofNovember2012.

4 December:ThefirstmodelcoachofChennaiMetroRailthatwasmanufacturedinBrazilarrivedinthecity.

20

CONTD.

2013

6 November:ThetestrunoftheChennaiMetroRailwasflaggedoffbytheTamilNaduChiefMinisterJayalalithaa.Thefour-coachtrainmadeasmalltripof1kmalongthetesttrackin
KoyambeduonWednesday.

2014

30 January:Intheaddresstothestateassemblyfortheyear2014,theGovernorRosaiahstatedthat,theStategovernmentwouldtakeupaDetailedProjectReportforPhaseIIoftheprojectin
newlyidentifiedcorridors.

14 February:ThemaidentrialrunfortheMetroRailwasconductedbetweentheKoyambeduandAshokNagarstations.Thetrainhadthreetrialruns,inthisstretchwhichincludesfivestations
Koyambedu,CMBT,Arumbakkam,VadapalaniandAshokNagar.Furtherrunsareplannedatvaryingspeedsandtobefollowedbysoftwaretest,signaltest,telecomtestandtraintestafterwhichan
integrationtrialwillbeconducted.Thefinalinaugurationcouldhappen,aftersuccessofallthesetestsandobtainingofrailsafetyclearance.Afterstatutoryprocesses,CMRLhopestoopena9-km
stretchuptoAlandurtothepublicbyJuly2014.

22 June:Thestructuralworksforallstationshadbeencompletedandinteriorsworkswereunderway.ItisexpectedthatbytheendofOctobertheChennaiMetroserviceswillcommence.

31 AugustMetroRailtrainshavereceivedthestatutoryspeedcertificationclearancefromtheResearchDesignandStandardsOrganisation,tooperatetrainsatamaximumspeedof80km/honthe
elevatedcorridor.TheclearancebytheRDSOcametwomonthsaftertheyinspectedthetrainsandconductedvarioustests,includingchecksonvibrationsfromtrainsandpassengercomfort.tis
expectedthatMetroRailmaybeginitsservice,onthe10-kmelevatedline,fromKoyambedutoAlandurbymid-NovemberafterthecompletionofstationsandsubsequentapprovalfromCMRS
(CommissionerofMetroRailSafety)-whichisthelaststepbeforethecommercialrun.Thestationsareexpectedtobepartiallycompletedtoanextentrequiredforthecommercialrunasitisnot
mandatorytocompletethestationsfully.

18 OctoberWorksontheMetroRailstationsareyettobecompleted.Tillnow,nodatehasbeenfixed.ItcanbedecidedonlyaftergettingvitalclearancesfromtheCommissionerofRailwaySafety

18 DecemberCMRLofficialshadapproachedthestategovernmentseekinganappropriatedateinFebruarytofixthelaunchfunction. [

2015

2 JanuaryDetailedreporttobesubmitted,on6thJan2015,toCommissionerofMetroRailSafetyinBengaluruforapproval.

7 AprilTheCommissionerofMetroRailSafetyandtwootherofficershadinspectedthesafetyparametersoftherollingstockandsaidthatareportwouldbefiledandsubmittedtotheRailway
Boardwithinaweek.[

29 AprilCMRSprovidesconditionalapprovalforcommencingservicesbetweenKoyambedutoAshokNagar-subjecttocorrectionofsometechnicalissuespointedoutbytheCMRSteam.
InspectionoftheremainingstretchbetweenAshokNagartoAlandurcouldnotbecarriedoutowingtosomeissuesandMetroRailwilloperateonlywithasingletrackinthisstretch

19 MayAfterseveraldiscussionsamongorganisationsincludingCommissionerofRailwaySafety(CRS),CommissionerofMetroRailSafety(CMRS)andMinistryofCivilAviation,adecisionwas
madetoamendtherules,Sothat,fromKoyambedutoAshokNagar,ChennaiMetrowillrunwithoperationsonbothtracksandfromthenontillAlandur,inasingletrack.
21

26 MayFinalinspectioncompletedforKoyambedutoAlandurlineandMetroofficialsexpectthefinalapprovalasmereformalityandexpecttheclearanceanytimesoon

29 JuneChennaiMetroRailoperationsstarted.ThefirstjourneyofChennaiMetroRailwasstartedfromAlandurstationat12:14pmandterminatedatKoyambedustationat12:35pm.

CONCLUSION

Thecitiesarealwaysinaconstantmodeoftransitionanditisnecessarythatthechaosisputinorder.Metrobeinga
successfulmodelofpublictransportinDelhihasbecometheprideofthecountry.Itisalsoimportanttonotethatin
manyotherpartsoftheworldthemetrohasfailedtorecoverinvestmentsandthusthegovernmentshouldstudythe
causeofitsfailuresoastonotrepeatanyofthiswhilemakingthemetrointheircities.Thecityislookingforward
torejuvenateitsstagnancyandrethinkitsfutureoftransportbutatthesametimeitmustunderstandthatmetroisa
longterminvestmentandthebenefitswillaccrueoveraperiodoftime.Theaboveconcernsandconsiderationsthat
haveemergedinthisstudyareinthecontextofChennaibutareapplicableanywhereintheworld.Asthecountryis
rapidlyurbanising,masspublictransportwillbethemainstayofcitieshaving5millionpluspopulation.The
investmentinmetroshouldbemadekeepingthegrowthinthefutureinmind.

Currentlyaround43kmofmetrorailareoperationandtherestareinprocessofconstruction

Theimpactofmetrorailhasbeenanupwardone;eventhoughthemetrorailisitsnascentstage(coveringabout8
months).Ithasacceleratedthedevelopmentrate.Thepropertyrateshaveshootup;moreandmorepeoplehavetaken
tothismetrorail;inturnreducingpressureandtrafficatroadways,railways.

22

REFERRANCE
www.wikipedia.org(Last accessed on 29th April 2016)
www.google.com(Last accessed on 29th April )
http://www.unep.org/transport/lowcarbon(Last accesed on 29 th
April)
www.chennairailgov.in(Last accesed on 30th April)

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