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XL= 10
200 2 Sint
i
Xc=2.5
On/ Off
control
On/ Off
control
-jXc
XTCSC =
-jXc. jXL()
jXL() -jXc
-jXc
[1 - Xc / XL()]
TCSC
Continuous
pow ergui
[ILine]
+
Goto1
i
-
Current Measurement
[Icap]
i
-
AC Voltage Source
VC
Goto
50 ohmsh1
[Itcr]
+
i
-
Goto2
Current Measurement2
Thyristor
Pulse
Generator
Transport
Delay
Subsystem
[Vc]
Goto3
Current Measurement1
100 ohms
+
v
-
Thyristor1
100 ohms1
200
150
100
50
0
-50
-100
-150
-200
0.15
0.155
0.16
0.165
0.17
0.175
Time
0.18
0.185
0.19
0.195
0.2
X TCSC
TCR
jX L X C
X L XC
200
j
X
c
Line current
cap voltage
TCR current
150
100
50
0
-50
-100
-150
-200
0.15
0.155
0.16
0.165
0.17
0.175
Time
0.18
0.185
0.19
0.195
0.2
5000
4000
3000
2000
1000
0
-1000
-2000
-3000
-4000
-5000
0.27
0.275
0.28
0.285
0.29
0.295
TCSCvarnier operation
5
1.5
x 10
ILine
Icap
Itcr
Vcap
0.5
-0.5
-1
-1.5
1.96
1.965
1.97
1.975
1.98
Time
1.985
1.99
1.995
x 10
Line current
cap current
TCR current
cap voltage
1.5
1
0.5
0
-0.5
-1
-1.5
-2
1.975
1.98
1.985
1.99
1.995
TCSC Ch
XLmax
XLmin
Bypass
mode
Xcmax
Xmin
X TCSC
Inductive
region
jX L ( ) X C
X L ( ) X C
Resonance condition ,
forbidden zone
XTCSC
Delay angle is
measured from
capacitor voltage max
position i.e Line
current negative zero
crossing
90
capacitive
Blocked
mode
1/ C
TCSC reactance ch
+jXL
-jXc
+jXL
jXc
+jXL
-jXc
+jXL
Thyristor Blocked
-jXc
Thyristor Blocked
When the thyristor valve is not triggered and the thyristors
are kept in the non_conducting state the TCSC is operating
in blocking mode.
The TCSCs net reactance is then simply the capacitive
reactance of the internal capacitor,
XTCSC = jXC
This mode occurs when the firing angle is 90o.(refered to
peak of capacitor voltage)
In this mode the TCSC performs like a fixed series
capacitor.
no current passes through the thyristors, hence Iline = ITCSC
and ITCR = 0 .
+jXL
.=0
TCSC
Thyristor bypassed
-jXc
If the thyristor valve is triggered continuously the valve
stays conducting all the time and the TCSC behaves as a
parallel connection of the series capacitor bank with the
TCR inductor.
Hence, the net TCSC reactance is + j(XC // XL ) and this
mode occurs when the firing angle is 0o as
shows the flow of current under this mode. Depending on
the design of the TCSC, most of the line current flows
through the TCR branch and hence
Iline ITCR and IC 0 .
+jXL
TCSC operation
-jXc
Vernier operation
This is the most common mode of operation.
If a trigger pulse is supplied to the thyristor having forward bias
voltage just before the capacitor voltage reaches zero, a capacitor
discharge current pulse will circulate through the parallel inductive
branch.
This discharge current pulse adds to the line current through the
capacitor bank. The current pulse causes a component of voltage
across the TCSCs capacitor that adds to the voltage caused by the line
current. The capacitor peak voltage thus will be increased in
proportion to the charge that passes through the TCR branch.
The fundamental voltage also increases almost proportionally to that
charge.
XTCSC -jXc XL() / [XL() - Xc]
Line current
Capacitor
voltage
TCR
current
Line current
Voltage
Boost
TCR
current
Capacitor
voltage
TCSC reactance
ratio
X TCSC
XC
2 2 2 cos 2
sin 2
1
(
tan
tan
2 1 2 1
2
X TCSC
2 2 2 cos 2
sin 2
{X C X C
(
tan
tan
2 1 2 1
2
ILine abc
PLL
Comp
Synchronizing
circuit
Gate
pulse
Gen
TCSC control
The function of the internal control scheme of the TCSC is
to provide appropriate gate drive for the Thyristors to
produce the compensating reactance (or reactance order
XORDER ) defined by a reference input.
Synchronous timing is done by using a Phase-Locked Loop
(PLL) that tracks the positive sequence component of the
line currents.
The firing angle is measured from the zero crossing the line
currents.
TCSC
X TCSC
ratio
XC
2 2 2 cos 2
sin 2
1
( tan tan )
2
2
1 1
2
TCSC
Illustrative Example
TCSC_Analysis_ppt34.mdl
SSR
TCSC for SSR damping
RTL
XTL
XC
Infinite
Bus
Exciter
Turbine
Generator
A single machine infinite bus system with the series
capacitor compensated transmission line shown will
have a resonance frequency given by
fe fo
XC
XC
fo
''
X X T X TL
X total
SSR Detection
The voltage across the series capacitor is
a combination of fundamental
frequency, DC and subsynchronous
frequency components.
Fundamental
-jXc
Voltage
across
capacitor
T/2
>T/2
>T/2
Unequal Positive & negative half cycle
periods of capacitor voltage.
Capacitor Voltage
Subsynchronous
component
Fundamental
component
T/2
>T/2
Combined
component
>T/2
-jXc
NGH damper is basically a thyristor controlled
discharge resistor ( in series with the di/dt limiting
reactor ) operated synchronously with the power system
frequency in the region near the end of the half cycle
on the capacitor voltage.
Prevents the oscillation buildup since the capacitor
voltage cannot respond naturally to sub synchronous
line current.
GCSC
Objective of the GCSC scheme is to control the ac voltage
Vc across the capacitor at a given line current i.
For controlling the capacitor voltage , the closing and
opening of the GTO valve is carried out in each half cycle
in synchronism with the ac system frequency. The GTO
valve is stipulated to close automatically (through
appropriate control action) whenever the capacitor voltage
crosses zero.
Turn off delay angle is measured wrt to the peak of line
current.
Function is to convert input reference into a proper
switching instants which results in desired valve
conduction and blocking intervals.
A small turnoff delay will prevent SSR buildup.
Turn on
Pulses
Turnoff
pulses
Voltage
across
cap Vc
GTO
condu
ction
Vc
i Line
Capacitor
voltage
current
Synchronuous
Timing control
(PLL)
Voltage to
turnoff delay
angle converter
Vc()= kF()
GCSC control
Capacitor voltage
sensing and
processing
GTO
Gate drive
circuit
Turn on
Pulses
Turnoff
pulses
Voltage
across
cap Vc
GTO
condu
ction
SSSC
Static synchronous series
compensator
ILine
ILine
Pref
VSC
Controller
Qref
Vpq
Q
Pref
VSC
Contro
Qref
ller
Compensator power
Ssssc = Vpq x Iline*
Psssc= Vpq ILine Cos
Qsssc = Vpq ILine sin
Compensator power rating
Ssssc= Vpqmax Iline max
ILine
ILine
Pref
VSC
Controller
Qref
Compensator rating
Ssssc = Vpq x Iline*
Psssc= Vpq ILine Cos
Qsssc = Vpq ILine sin
Ex: Vpq=4kV
=70 degree
Iline=600 A
P=4000 x 600 x0.342
=0.8208 MW
Q=4000 x 600 x0.9396
=2.255040 MVAR
X/2
VL
XL
Is
Vsef
f
Vs
V
s
Vpq
I
r
Vpq
Vseff
Vseff
Vr
I
V
r
IX drop
Vs
Vs
I
VSC
Vq
(Xq)
PI
V
Voltage &
current
signal
Processor
Pref
Qref
Controller
Transient
stability
enhancement
Vq
Power
oscillation
damping
SSR
damping
GTO
5
.TSSC ,TCSC & GCSC are installed on a
high voltage platform, control and cooling
system installed on the ground with high
voltage insulation.
SSSC requires coupling transformer rated for
0.5pu of total series var compensator & a dc
capacitor.
Has higher losses compared to TCSC.
6
With zero compensation current flows
through switches & thus contribute to losses
at rated current , these losses could be 0.5 %
of rated Var output for TSSC & TCSC, 0.7
to 0.9% for GCSC & SSSC
SSSC
Vpq
Vpq
Vseff
ILine
Vseff
Vs
Vs
Pref
ILin
e
VSC
Qref
SSSC
Vseff
Vseff
Vpq
sin
V
1
V 2 pq 2VsV pq cos(180 )
V pq sin(180 )
Vseff
Vs
ILine
Vseff
Vseff Vs V
Vseff Vs V pq
0
V pq V
Vs
Vpq = V
2.Quadrature booster
Vpq
Vs
Vseff
tan
V pq
Vs
V pq Vs tan
2 sin
Vpq
Vs
V pq
1
2Vs
V pq 2Vs sin( / 2)
Vsef
f
180 (90 ) 90
2
2
/2
/2
Vpq
Vseff
Vpq
Vs
ILine
seff
2VsVseff cos( )
= 90-
Vseff
sin
V
1
V 2 pq 2VsV pq cos(180 )
V pq sin(180 )
Vseff
Vseff
Vpq
sin
Vs
Vpq
ILine
V
1
V 2 pq 2VsV pq cos(180 )
V pq sin(180 )
Vseff
2
seff
2VsVseff cos( )
180 sin
Vseff Vr
X
Vseff sin
V pq
sin( )
Vseff
V 2 pq 2VsV pq cos(180 )
Vpq
sin
V pq sin(180 )
Vseff
Vs
V
r
Vseff Vr
2
Vseff
sin( )
Vseff Vr
X
cos( )
SSSC
Vpq
Vpq
Vsef
f
Vs
ILine
Vseff
V
s
ILin
e
Pref
VSC
Qref
500A , 30o
SSSC
Z1=30+j4
0
500A, 30o
Vs
Vs
Z2=40 +j30
Vs
Vr1
ILine
Vr1
Vs
Vr1
Vr2
Vr2
ILine
ILine
Vr2
500A , 30o
SSSC
Z1=30+j4
0
Vs
200 kV, 0o
Vs
Vr1
Vr2
ILine
Vr1
500A , 30o
SSSC
Vr1
Z1=30+j4
0
Vs
200 kV, 0o
500A, 30o
Z2=40 +j30
Vs
Vr1
Vr2
Vr1=
Vr2=
ILine
Vr2
500A , 30o
SSSC
Vs
200 kV, 0o
Vs
Vpq
Z1=30+j4
0
500A, 30o
Vr2
Vr1
Vpq
Z2=40 +j30
SSSC
Vr1
Vr2
Loop current due to phase shift
between Vr1 and Vr2 is reduced to
zero by injecting Vpq
ILine
Vpq
r1
r2
2Vr1Vr 2 cos( )