EP 315 Heat Transfer

Chapter 7: Heat
exchangers
1
Prepared by: Kow Kien Woh

Double pipe

1. The simplest type of heat exchanger

consists of two concentric pipes of different
diameters, called the double-pipe heat
exchanger.
2. One fluid in a double-pipe heat exchanger
flows through the smaller pipe while the2

Double pipe

3. Two types of flow arrangement are possible in a

double-pipe heat exchanger: in parallel flow, both
the hot and cold fluids enter the heat exchanger
at the same end and move in the same direction.
4. In counter flow, the hot and cold fluids enter the
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heat exchanger at opposite ends and flow in

Cross flow

1. Cross-flow exchangers are commonly used in air

or gas heating and cooling applications.
2. Gas is forced across a tube bundle, while another
fluid is used inside the tubes for heating or cooling
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Double pipe

https://
www.youtube.com/watch?v=iIRbhZY8MpE

Shell & tube

1. The most common type of heat exchanger in industrial

applications is the shell-and-tube heat exchanger.
2. It contains a large number of tubes (sometimes several
hundred) packed in a shell with their axes parallel to that
of the shell.
3. Heat transfer takes place as one fluid flows inside the
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tubes while the other fluid flows outside the tubes through

Shell & tube (S&T)

Baffle

Baffle

4. Baffles are usually installed to increase the convection coefficient

of the shell-side fluid by inducing turbulence and a cross-flow
velocity component relative to the tubes. In addition, the baffles
physically support the tubes, reducing flow-induced tube vibration.
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Shell & Tube (assembly)

https://
www.youtube.com/watch?v=hxhB3k0vh2g
https://
www.youtube.com/watch?v=RXeB8BQORNo

Numbers of S&T
1. Shell-and-tube
heat
exchangers
are
further
classified according to the
number of shell and tube
passes involved.
2. Heat exchangers in which all
the tubes make one U-turn
in the shell, for example, are
called one-shell-pass and
two-tube-passes
heat
exchangers.
3. Likewise, a heat exchanger
that involves two passes in
the shell and four passes in
the tubes is called a twoshell-passes and four-tubepasses heat exchanger.
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Shell & Tube

(flow pattern)

https://
www.youtube.com/watch?v=iIRbhZY8MpE

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Example: 1S-2T

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Plate & frame

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Plate & frame

1. Plate & frame heat exchanger
consists of a series of plates
with
corrugated
flat
flow
passages.
2. The hot and cold fluids flow in
alternate passages, each cold
fluid stream is surrounded by
two hot fluid streams, resulting
in very effective heat transfer.
3. Advantage: exchangers can
grow with increasing demand
for heat transfer by simply
mounting more plates.
4. They are well suited for liquidto-liquid
heat
exchange

Source:
http://www.guntner.co.uk/thermowave_plat
e_heat_exchangers_how_it_works.html

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Plate & frame

https://
www.youtube.com/watch?v=Jv5p7o-7Pms

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Evaporator
1. If
a
vaporizing
exchanger is used for
evaporation of water or
aqueous solution, it is
called evaporator.
2. A chemical evaporator
is
usually
used
to
concentrate a chemical
solution by evaporation
of solvent or water.
3. The heat of vaporization
is usually supplied by
heating steam in tubes.
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Natural circulation
evaporator
1. Liquid which was not
vaporized
is
usually
recombined with fresh
feed and circulate by to
the evaporator.
2. Recirculation is used to
increase
the
liquid
velocity in tubes to
prevent
buildup
of
crystals/deposits/fouling.
3. Recirculation
can
be
accomplished by natural
hydrostatic
head
OR
force by pump.
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Forced circulation
evaporator

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Forced circulation
evaporator

https://
www.youtube.com/watch?v=22W753joAnA

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Falling film evaporator

1. In falling film evaporator, liquid feed to be evaporated
flows downwards by gravity as a continuous film.
2. The fluid will create a film along the outer walls of tubes.
3. Heat is supplied by steam flows inside of tube.
4. As downward vapor velocity increases, increasing the
shear force acting on the liquid film and therefore also
the velocity of the solution. The result is progressively
thinner film resulting in increasingly turbulent flow. The
combination of these effects allows very high heat
transfer coefficients.
5. Advantage of the falling film evaporator is the very short
residence time of the liquid making it ideal for heatsensitive
products
such
as
milk,
fruit
juice,
pharmaceuticals.
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Falling film evaporator

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Falling film evaporator

https://
www.youtube.com/watch?v=3T8Km9BYHeg

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Multi-effect evaporator
1. In
the
some
applications,
the
vapor
leaving
evaporator
is
condensed
before
discharge to the
plant.
2. Instead
of
condensing
the
vapor,
the
hot
vapor
can
be
channeled
to
second evaporator

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Multi-effect evaporator
3. This is called multi-effect evaporator where
every evaporator is considered as one effect.
E.g. triple effect means three evaporators
connected in same manner.
4. When the liquid feed flows in same direction as
vapor, it is termed forward feed. If the liquid is
flowing in opposite direction of vapor, it is
called backward feed.

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Multi-effect evaporator
5. Forward feed is more energy efficient. Since
vacuum is usually maintained at the last effect,
the liquid flows by itself from effect to effect
without pumping. In addition, free evaporation
occurs in succeeding effect because saturation
temperature reduced at lower pressure.

Multi-effect evaporator
6. The viscosity of liquid increases causes low heat
transfer in the last effect in forward feed.
7. When backward feed is used, the most viscous
liquid is heated by steam in the first effect to
reduce its viscosity. However, liquid must be
heated in each effect and pumped from effect to
effect.
8. The steam cost will be less in forward feed if the
feed liquid is at higher or about the operating
temperature of the first effect.
9. The steam cost will be less in backward feed if the
feed liquid is cold.
10.The greater number of effects, the greater the
reduction in operating cost.
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Condenser
1. Condenser is
heat exchanger which the
fluids is cooled and condenses to liquid as it
flows through.

2. The direct-contact condenser is one in

which the coolant is brought into contact
with the vapor. It has the advantage of
low cost and simplicity of mechanical
design, but its use is restricted to those
applications in which mixing of the vapor
and coolant is permissible.
3. Examples of direct contact condensers
are spray condenser, tray condenser,
packed column .

Spray Condenser
The coolant is sprayed,
using nozzles, into a
vessel to which the
vapor is supplied. It is
important
that
the
spray
nozzles
and
vessel are designed to
produce a fine spray of
liquid (to give a large
interfacial area for heat
transfer), and a long
enough residence time
of liquid droplets in the
vessel.

27
Prepared by: Kow Kien Woh

Tray Condenser
Coolant is directed to flow
over a series of trays in a
column. The vapor is
supplied to the bottom of
the column. It has the
advantage
of
countercurrent
flow
of
vapor and coolant, though
care must be taken to
avoid flooding. (Flooding is
an unstable condition when
the vapor flow is such that
the downward flow of
condensate is interrupted
and rises up.)
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Prepared by: Kow Kien Woh

Shell & tube condenser

Source: http://www.expertsmind.com/topic/large-steam-system-condensers/single-passcondensers-99965.aspx