WIND TURBINES

By:
Abhishek Biswas
Souvik Jana
Ritwik Bhattacharyya

Petroleum

Fossil fuel

coal
natural gas
biomass

Energy
resources

hydro

Renewable
wind
solar
marine
energy
sources.

Nuclear

uranium

?Why Wind Energy

Clean, zero emissions

- NOx, SO2, CO, CO2
-

Air quality, water quality

Climate change

Reduce fossil fuel dependence

-

Energy independence

Domestic energynational security

Renewable
-

No fuel-price volatility

?What are Wind Turbines

A wind turbine is a device that converts kinetic energy
from the wind into electrical power. This mechanical
power can be used for specific tasks (such as grinding
grain or pumping water) or a generator can convert this
mechanical power into electricity to power homes,
businesses, schools, and the like.

Modern Wind Turbines

Turbines can be categorized into two classes based on the orientation of the
rotor:

1. Vertical Axis

2. Horizontal Axis

Types of Electricity Generating Wind Turbines

Small (10 kW)
Homes
Farms
Remote
Applications

(e.g. water
pumping, telecom
sites, icemaking)

Intermediate
(10-250 kW)
Village Power
Hybrid Systems
Distributed
Power

Large (250 kW 2+MW)

Central Station Wind
Farms
Distributed Power

Wind Turbine Design

Parts of a Wind Turbine

Calculation of Wind Power

Power in the wind = A V3
Effect of swept area, A
Effect of wind speed, V
Effect of air density,
Swept Area:

A = R2

No other factor is more important to

the amount of power available in the
wind than the speed of the wind

Wind Turbine

Blade designs operate on the

principle of

lift

drag

Lift and drag forces

The Lift Force is

perpendicular to the
direction of motion. We
want to make this force

BIG.

The Drag Force is

parallel to the direction of
motion. We want to make
this force small.

= low

= medium
<10 degrees

= High
Stall!!

Drag Design
For the drag design, the
wind pushes the blades
out of the way.
Drag powered wind
turbines are characterized
by slower rotational speed
and high torque
capability.
They are useful for the
pumping, sawing or
grinding

13

Lift Design

The blade is essentially an airfoil, or wing

More efficient than drag device

When air flows past the blade, a wind speed and

pressure differential is created between the upper and
lower blade surfaces.

The pressure at the lower surface is greater and

thus acts to "lift" the blade.

When blades are attached to a central axis, like a wind

turbine rotor, the lift is translated into rotational
motion.

Lift-powered wind turbines have much higher

rotational speeds than drag types and therefore are
well suited for electricity generation.

Airfoil Shape
Just like the wings of an
airplane, wind turbine
blades use the airfoil
shape to create lift and
maximize efficiency.

The phenomena

Angle Of Attack (blade

angle)
Angle of attack is the angle between the chord line of the airfoil
and the free stream direction .

Angle of attack has a large effect on the lift generated by an airfoil.

Tip-Speed Ratio

Tip-speed ratio is the ratio of the

speed of the rotating blade tip to
the speed of the free stream wind.

There is an optimum angle of attack

which creates the highest lift to drag
ratio.

Because angle of attack is dependant

on wind speed, there is an optimum
tip-speed ratio

Where,

R
TSR=
V

=rotationalspeedinradians/sec
R=RotorRadius
V=WindFreeStreamVelocity

Twist & Taper

Speed through the air of a point on the

blade changes with distance from hub

Therefore, tip speed ratio varies as

well

To optimize angle of attack all along

blade, it must twist from root to tip
Fastest
Faster
Fast

Betz Limit

All wind power cannot be

captured by rotor or air
would be completely still
behind rotor and not
allow more wind to pass
through.

Theoretical limit of rotor

efficiency is 59%

Most modern wind

turbines are in the 35
45% range

Yawing Facing the

Wind
Active Yaw (all medium & large turbines

produced today, & some small turbines from

Europe)
Anemometer on nacelle tells controller
which way to point rotor into the wind
Yaw drive turns gears to point rotor
into wind

Passive Yaw (Most small turbines)

Wind forces alone direct rotor

Tail vanes
Downwind turbines

BEARING CLAMP

ROLLER BEARING AND

MOUNTING
ACCESSORIES

MAKING OF THE HUB

ROTOR HUB ASSEMBLY

HUB AND SLEEVE

ROTOR HUB
NOSE

ROTOR SHAFT WITH BEARING MOUNTING

ATTACHMENT

Number of Blades

Most common design is the three-bladed turbine.

The most important reason is the stability of the
turbine.
A rotor with an odd number of rotor blades
(and at least three blades) can be considered to be
similar to a disc when calculating the dynamic
properties of the machine.
A rotor with an even number of blades will give
stability problems for a machine with a stiff structure.
The reason is that at the very moment when the
uppermost blade bends backwards, because it gets the
maximum power from the wind, the lower most blade
passes into the wind shade in front of the tower.

Blade Composition

THANK YOU