The structure and organization

of eukaryotic cell

by:
dr.Sutrisno Darmosumarto, Sp.A
Histology & Cell Biology Department
Gadjah Mada University

The basic structure of cell

Cellular membrane, covers
Cytoplasm, contains nucleus,
organelles and inclusions

Organelles
Permanent
Performing cell activities
E.g. : mitochondria, Golgi apparatus,
lysosome, smooth and rough endoplasmic
reticulum etc

Inclusions
Temporary
Metabolic products
E.g.: glycogen granules, mucinogen
globule, zymogen granule, melanin
granule etc

Basic activities of cell

Metabolism, divided into:
anabolism and catabolism
Concerning with irritability
Reproduction

CELL COMPONENTS
The cell is composed of 2 basic parts:
cytoplasm and nucleus
Individual cytoplasmic components not
clearly visible in HE-stained preparations
the nucleus intensely stained dark blue
or black

Cell Membrane
composed of phospholipids, protein, and, to a
lesser extent, polysaccharides.
The functions:
selective barrier regulates the passage of certain
materials into and out of the cell.
facilitate the transport of specific materials through
this limiting barrier
carry out a number of specific recognition and
regulatory functions
7.5 to 10 nm in thickness visible only in the EM.

Cytoplasm
composed of a matrix embedded
several structures classified into 3 groups:
organelles
inclusions
other components

The characteristics of
cytoplasmic components
1. organelles presents in all eukaryotic cells
enclosed in a membrane, and contain enzymes
that participate in cellular metabolic activity
permanent components of the cytoplasm (the
endoplasmic reticulum, the mitochondria, the
Golgi apparatus, and the lysosome).
2. The inclusions temporary components,
accumulations of pigment, lipids, proteins, or
carbohydrates
3. The other components the centrioles,
microtubules, and microfilaments.

Mitochondria.
composed of an external membrane and
an internal membrane
Internal membrane projects folds the
crista.
These membranes surround a space
spaium intermembrane
Space between the cristae matrix

Mitochondria
transform the chemical energy
into available energy stored in
ATP
release energy required to
perform any type of work (be of
osmotic, mechanical, electrical, or
chemical nature)

E R & Ribosomes
flattened, rounded, or tubular vesicles
anastomose with one another in a network
form
2 types of ER granular (rough) and
agranular (smooth)
The membranes of the ER continuous
with the nuclear envelope membrane.
usually arranged in the form of flattened
cisternae stacked in parallel

The relevance of ER
Without ER:
cytosol is proteinaceous gel
traffic of substances by diffusion
the interior of cell the most difficult to reach
enzymes difficult to be distributed as rapid a needed
at appropriate site
waste product & essential building block accumulate
at useless/toxic concentration

With ER:
form an intracellular circulatory system for enzyme,
vital substances and secrete/excrete

Ribosome
small, electron-dense particles, 1520
nm in diameter, attached to the outer
surfaces of the membranes composed
of RNA and protein the basophilia in
the cytoplasm
Ribosomes can appear as isolated
granules free in the cytoplasm, or linked in
groups called polysomes.

Function of RE
numerous membrane-bound
compartments
Separation & association of enzymes
Creation of diffusion barrier
Regulation of membrane potentials
Ionic gradients

Function of RE.
Different intracellular pH values
Manifestation of cellular heterogenicity
Segregation synthesized protein in RER
lumen
Supplementary mechanical support for
colloidal structure
Active transport

Smooth ER
no ribosomes
very abundant in the liver cell
entirely of membranes as profusely
anastomosing tubules or flat cisternae
participates in the contraction of muscle cells
Detoxification
Lipid synthesis
involved in the synthesis of the glycogen in liver
cells glucose-6-phosphatase found within
its membranes
glycogenolysis

Golgi Apparatus
group of piled-up flat vesicles with
peripheral dilatations
occupies a finite and fixed area in
the cytoplasm of most cells
(supranuclear)

Golgi app.
plays a role in the process of synthesis,
concentration, and storage of secretoryproducts of most glandular cells.
The proteins synthesized enclosed by a
membrane to form secretory granules.

Secretory pathaway
1. ribosomal stage
2. cisternal stage
3. intracellular transport
4. concentration of secretory protein
5. intracellular storage
6. exocytosis

1. Ribosomal stage

Synthesized on polysome attached to ER

Volume 20 %
77 % surface area
Produce protein simultaneously

2. Cisternal stage

Segregate by vectorial transport

Signal peptidase on cisternal surface
Folding native 1st, & 2nd protein
Change the conformation prevent returning
Ribosome detached eliminating channel

3. Intracellular transport
1. from RER to Golgi
2. from Golgi to condensing vacuole
connected by membrane tubules,
formed intermittenly
GERL expand to condensed vacuole

4. concentration
20 25 folds
Intracellular protein gradient forced
concentration
Secretory protein , basic (+) charge
Polyanion macromolecules (-) charge
Lower osmotic pressure H20 exit by non
energy requiring process

5. Intracellular storage
250 1.500 nm
Contain all types of inactive enzymes
Reach apical part microtubules
assistance

6.Discharge

Energy dependent process

Hormonal/neuronal stimulation
Involve 2nd messenger Ca++/cAMP
Secretory membrane fuse with plasma
membrane
Tight junction prevent autodigestion

Lysosomes
membrane-bound vesicles contain lytic
enzymes intracytoplasmic digestion
particularly abundant in cells exhibiting
phagocytic activity (eg, macrophages, white
blood cells).
usually spherical, diameter 0.2 to 0.5 /m
The enveloping single membrane serves to
separate the lytic enzymes from the cytoplasm
prevents the attacking and digesting
cytoplasmic organelles.

Lysosome
Lysosomal enzymes
synthesized in RER , transferred
to the Golgi apparatus
packaged into vesicular
lysosomes

MICROTUBULES, MICROFILAMENTS, & INTERMEDIATE

FILAMENTS

In addition to the membrane-bound organelles, the cytoplasmic matrix exhibits a

complex network consisting of
microtubules, microfilaments, and
intermediate filaments provide for the
form and shaping of cells , also important
in cytoplasmic and cellular movement.

Microtubules
rod- or pipe-like organelles microtubules.
outer diameter of 24 nm consisting of a
dense wall 5 nm thick and a less dense
(possibly hollow) core 14 nm wide.
lengths are variable

Microtubules
Composed of proteinaceous subunits ( tubulin ).
Tubulin, a heterodimer, is a molecule consisting
of 2 non-identical monomers ( alfa and beta
tubulins).
Both tubulins , MW about 60,000
Under appropriate conditions tubulin subunits
polymerize into typical microtubules.
A total of 13 protofilaments generally comprise
the wall of a microtubule .

Cilia and flagella

motile processes highly organized
microtubule core extend from the surface of
many different cell types.
Ciliated cells possess a large number of cilia (
2 to 10 /um in length).
Flagellated cells have only one or 2 flagella,
range in length from 100 to 200 /um.
Cilia and flagella both have a diameter of 0.3
0.5 /um and possess the same complexly
organized core of microtubules.

Intermediate Filaments
known as tonofilaments diameter of 8-10 nm.
be involved with the "slow" component of
axoplasmic transport, as a smooth muscle
cytoskeletal component, in pigment granule
movement, as a junctional complex structural
element, and with cell spreading.
possess an actin core following brief
trypsinization the filaments bind heavy
meromyosin ( a functional assay normally used
to identify actin)

Cytoplasmic Inclusions
transitory components of the cytoplasm
lipid droplets, carbohydrate
accumulations (glycogen), secretory
granules, colored substances (melanin
pigment and lipofuscin)

THE NUCLEUS
a rounded or elongated structure in the
center of the cell.
its diameter varies 5 to 10 /um.
is composed of the nuclear envelope,
chromatin, the nucleolus, and
nucleoplasm .

The functions of nucleus

Regulate cell activities
Reproduction

Chromatin
A complex of DNA & histone
Composes of:
DNA 31
RNA 5
Histone 36
Non histone- 28

The function of DNA

DNA (transcription) RNA
(translation) protein

Composition of DNA
- PENTOSE (deoxyribose)
- BASE:
Purine: - adenine
- guanine
_ Pyrimidines: - thymidine
- cytosine
- PHOSPHORIC ACID (H3PO4)

Composition of RNA
- PENTOSE (ribose)
- BASE:
Purine : - adenine
- guanosine
Pyrimidine:
- uracyl
- cytosin

_PHOSPHORIC ACID

Various RNA
3 major classes:
- messenger RNA
- transfer RNA
- ribosomal RNA
2 minor classes:
- heterogenous nuclear RNA
- small cytoplasmic RNA

The plasma membrane

Is about 8 nm thick
Surrounds the cell and controls chemical
traffic into and out of the cell
is selectively permeable; it allows some
substances to cross more easily than
others
Has a unique structure which determines
its function and solubility characteristics

Lipid in plasma membrane

The lipids in the plasma membrane are
chiefly phospholipids like phosphatidyl
ethanolamine and cholesterol.
Phospholipids are amphiphilic with the
hydrocarbon tail of the molecule being
hydrophobic; its polar head hydrophilic.

Lipid bilayer
Cell membrane is made of a phospholipid
bilayer sandwiched
between two layers of globular protein.
The polar (hydrophilic) heads of phospholipids
are oriented towards the protein layers
forming a hydrophilic zone.
The nonpolar (hydrophobic) tails of
phospholipids are oriented in between polar
heads forming a hydrophobic zone.

Role of membrane protein

transport of molecules/ions into or out of cells.
Three methods of doing this are through active,
facilitated or passive transport.
cell recognition
enzymatic activity
receptors
cell to cell communication
attachment to the cytoskeleton and extracellular
matrix

Role of membrane protein

transport of molecules/ions into or out of cells.
Three methods of doing this are through active,
facilitated or passive transport.
cell recognition,
enzymatic activity
receptors,
cell to cell communication,
attachment to the cytoskeleton and extracellular
matrix

Transport ion/molecule
Two ways that molecules pass through
transmembrane proteins:
uniport - which is where one molecule is transported,
cotransport - where 2 molecules are transferred. two
basic types of cotransport:
symport, which is where two molecules are transported
in the same direction and
antiport, where the molecules are transported opposite
directions through the membrane (which will be shown
by the Na - K ATPase pump).

Types of transport
Passive Transport:
uncharged small molecules can move directly
through the membrane in the direction of high
concentration to low concentration.
charge molecule (positive or negative) tend
to move to the side of the membrane that
have the opposite electrical potential.

Types of transport
Facilitated Transport (these can be either
uniport or cotransport):
Using special channel protein to facilitate the
transport
moves with the electro-chemical gradient.

Types of transport
Active Transport (these can be either
uniport or cotransport):
require energy, is going
against the electro-chemical gradient. An
example of this can be found in the Na - K
ATPase (The Sodium-Potassium ATPase
pump), this is important especially in the
nerves of all animals. This is commonly used
to generate a membrane potential

Transport of large molecules

Endocytosis
Exocytosis

Cell division
Mitotic division
Meiotic division

Mitotic division
During mitosis the mother cell divides
and each of the daughter cells receives a
chromosomal karyotype identical to that of
the mother cell

Prophase
characterized by the gradual coiling up of
chromatin of the nucleus giving rise to several
individualized rod-shaped or hairpin-shaped
bodies that stain intensely (the chromosomes)
The nuclear envelope remains unaltered, and the
chromosomes appear coiled in the nucleus. The
centrioles duplicate and separate, and a pair
migrates to each pole of the cell.
Simultaneously, the microtubules of the mitotic
spindle appear between the 2 pairs of centrioles .

Metaphase
the nuclear envelope and the nucleolus
disappear.
The chromosomes migrate to the
equatorial plane of the cell, where each di vides longitudinally to form 2 chromatids.
These attach to the microtubules of the
mitotic spindle at a special plaquelike,
electron-dense region, the centromere
(kinetochore) .

Anaphase
the sister chromatids separate from
each other and migrate toward the
opposite poles of the cell, following the
direction of the spindle microtubules.
Throughout this process, the centromeres
move from the center, pulling along the
remainder of the chromosome .

Telophase
characterized by the reappearance of nuclei in
the daughter cells.
The chromosomes revert to their semidispersed
state and the nucleoli, chromatin, and nuclear
envelope reappear.
a constriction develops at the level of the
equatorial plane of the mother cell and
progresses until it divides the cytoplasm and its
organelles in half .
An accumulation of microfilaments occurs
beneath the cell membrane in the region of
mitotic constriction.

Meiotic division
Germinal cells (spermatogonium or
oogonium)
Goes through 2 successive divisions
Reduction by half of the number of
chromosomes and amount of DNA per cell
producing spermatid
Through an elaborate process of
cytodifferentiation spermatozoon