DRIVE

A variable-frequency drive (VFD) is a system for controlling the rotational speed of

an alternating current (AC) electric motor by controlling the frequency of the electrical
power supplied to the motor. A variable frequency drive is a specific type of
adjustable-speed drive. Variable-frequency drives are also known as adjustable-
frequency drives (AFD), variable-speed drives (VSD), AC drives, micro drives or
inverter drives. Since the voltage is varied along with frequency, these are sometimes
also called VVVF (variable voltage variable frequency) drives. Variable-frequency
drives are widely used. For example, in ventilations systems for large buildings,
variable-frequency motors on fans save energy by allowing the volume of air moved to
match the system demand. Variable frequency drives are also used on pumps, conveyor
and machine tool drives.
 Variable frequency drive controllers are
solid state electronic power conversion devices.
The usual design first converts AC input power to
DC intermediate power using a rectifier bridge.
The DC intermediate power is then converted to
quasi-sinusoidal AC power using an inverter
switching circuit. The rectifier is usually a three-
phase diode bridge, but controlled rectifier circuits
are also used. Since incoming power is converted
to DC, many units will accept single-phase as well
as three-phase input power (acting as a phase
converter as well as a speed controller); however
the unit must be de-rated when using single phase
input as only part of the rectifier bridge is carrying
the connected load

Power flex 4M drive

 Flux should remain constant in order to produce full load torque which is achieved by
maintaining a constant magnetic flux in the motor. This method of magnetic flux control is
called the volts-per-hertz ratio. With this method, the frequency and voltage must increase in the
same proportion to maintain good torque production at the motor. For example, if the frequency
is 60 Hz and the voltage is 460 V, then the volts per Hertz ratio(460 divided by 60) would be 7.6
V/Hz. So, at half speed on a 460 V supplied system, the frequency would be 30 Hertz and the
voltage applied to the motor would be 230 V and the ratio would still be maintained at 7.6 V/Hz.
This ratio pattern saves energy going to the motor, but it is also very critical to performance.
The variable-frequency drive tries to maintain this ratio because if the ratio increases or
decreases as motor speed changes, motor current can become unstable and torque can diminish.
On the other hand, excessive current could damage or destroy the motor. In a PWM drive the
voltage change required to maintain a constant Volts-per-Hertz ratio as the frequency is changed
is controlled by increasing or decreasing the widths of the pulses created by the inverter. And, a
PWM drive can develop rated torque in the range of about 0.5 Hz and up. Multiple motors can
be operated within the amperage rating of the drive (All motors will operate at the same
frequency). This can be an advantage because all of the motors will change speed together and
the control will be greater.
Catalog no. explanation
Drive connection
Installation connection
 Program for
speed control
For speed control we have to given three input, one is for forward run, one for
reverse run & one for speed control. The forward run & reverse run are of
digital type while speed control in analog type that is 0 – 10 V or by current
control from 0 to 10 mA. The program is shown below.
SCADA
Coding
 Proximately
sensor
Allen-Bradley proximity sensors set the standard for ruggedness,
reliability and application flexibility. Choose from one of the industry’s widest
selections of inductive, capacitive and ultrasonic proximity sensor models, all of
which offer you no-touch object detection

The most commonly-used proximity sensor is the inductive type, which

generates an electromagnetic field to sense metal objects passing close to its face.
This is usually the easiest sensing technology to apply in applications where the
metal object to be detected is within an inch or two of the sensor face. The diverse
Allen-Bradley offering serves the full spectrum of customer needs, from light-duty
packaging applications to the punishing environments on automotive welding
equipment or the harsh wash downs in food processing plants.
Proximately sensor
 Program me relative to
sensor
WAP to measure speed of motor by proximity sensor

For this connect a metallic arc (of iron) with the shaft of motor & place a
sensor near it. The programme is shown below.