OBESITY

Dr Tasneem Manasawala

OBESITY

Obesityis amedical conditionin which

excessbody fathas accumulated to the
extent that it may have a negative effect on
health.

Defined by the WHO as a BMI of over 30Kg/m2

Obesity is a leadingpreventable cause of

deathworldwide, with increasing rates in
adults andchildren.

Some facts!

In 2014, 600 million adults (13%) and 42 million

children under the age of five were obese.

Obesity is more common in women than men.

Authorities view it as one of the most

seriouspublic healthproblems of the
21stcentury.

In 2013, theAmerican Medical

Associationclassified obesity as a disease.

BMI
If your BMI is less
than 18.5, it falls
within the
underweight range.
If your BMI is 18.5
to 24.9, it falls within
the normal or healthy
weight range.
If your BMI is 25.0
to 29.9, it falls within
the overweight range.
If your BMI is 30.0
or higher, it falls
within the obese
range.

Weight that is higher than what

is considered as a healthy
weight for a given height is
described as overweight or
obese. Body Mass Index, or
BMI, is used as a screening tool
for overweight or obesity.

Body Mass Index (BMI) is a

person's weight in kilograms
divided by the square of height
in meters.

CLASSIFICATION
Classification

BMI (kg/m2)
from

up to
18.5

underweight

18.5

25.0

normal weight

25.0

30.0

overweight

30.0

35.0

class I obesity

35.0

40.0

class II obesity

40.0

class III obesity

CAUSES OF OBESITY

Overweight and obesity result from an energy

imbalance. The body needs a certain amount of
energy (calories) from food to keep up basic life
functions. Body weight tends to remain the same when
the number of calories eaten equals the number of
calories the body uses or burns. Over time, when
people eat and drink more calories than they burn, the
energy balance tips toward weight gain, overweight,
and obesity.

Many factors can lead to energy imbalance and weight

gain. They include genes, eating habits, how and
where people live, attitudes and emotions, life habits,
and income.

CAUSES AT INDIVIDUAL
LEVEL

At an individual level, a combination of

excessivefood energyintake and a lack
ofphysical activityis thought to explain most
cases of obesity.
A limited number of cases are due primarily to
genetics, medical reasons, or psychiatric illness.

CAUSES AT SOCIETAL LEVEL

In contrast,
increasing rates of
obesity at a societal
level are felt to be
due to an easily
accessible and
palatable diet,
increased reliance on
cars, and mechanized
manufacturing.

MORBIDITY
Obesity increases the risk of many physical
and mental conditions.
These co-morbidities are most commonly
shown inmetabolic syndrome,a combination
of medical disorders which includes:
diabetes mellitus type 2
high blood pressure
high blood cholesterol
high triglyceride levels

EFFECTS ON HEALTH

CARDIOLOGY

Coronary heart disease,

Angina and Myocardial
Infarction
Congestive heart failure
High Blood Pressure
Abnormal Cholesterol Levels
Atherosclerosis
Deep Vein Thrombosis
Pulmonary Embolism

ENDOCRINE AND
REPRODUCTIVE

Diabetes Mellitus
Poly Cystic Ovarian
Syndrome
Menstrual Disorders
Infertility
Complications during
Pregnancy
Birth Defects
Intra Uterine Fetal death

NEUROLOGY

Stroke
Meralgia
Paresthetica
Migraines

GASTROENTEROLOGY

Gastro
esophageal
Reflux Disease
Fatty Liver
Disease
Cholelithiasis
(Gall stones)

DERMATOLOGY

Stretch Marks
Acanthosis
Nigricans
Lymphedema
Cellulitis
Hirsutism
Intertrigo

ONCOLOGY

Esophageal
Colorectal
Pancreatic
Gall Bladder

MANAGEMENT

SURGICAL MANAGEMENT

The most effective treatment for

obesity isbariatric surgery.
Surgery for severe obesity is
associated with long-term weight
loss, improvement in obesity related
conditions, and decreased overall
mortality.