PROJECT ON

12 v dc-220 v ac
INVERTER
UNDER THE GUIDANCE OF
ER. S.K MAHAPATRA
ER. S.M.S ROUT

Submitted by
Debasish Sarkar-0301227126
Manoj Sethi-0301227128
Himanshu Malik-0301227130
Sandeep Sidharth-0301227377

INTRODUCTION :

Today the power supply unit is the most essential for

us. Power failure, power shading cause deep trouble
in some operation. Thus inverter is the ideal choice
in the time of power cut. Inverter will supply
emergency power to system.
DC-to-AC converters are known as inverter. It
change a dc input voltage to a symmetrical ac
output voltage of desired magnitude and
frequency. The output voltage invert of ideal
inverters should be sinusoidal.
Inverters are widely used in industrial
applications (e.g., variable speed ac motor drives,
induction heating, standby power supplies,
uninterruptible power supplies). The input may be a
battery, fuel cell, solar cell or other DC source.

FEATURES :

BJT based inverter

100VA capacity
12v DC to 220V AC inverter
Battery charging facility
multivibrator based oscillator circuit
output AC is of 55 Hz.
Automatic start of inverter as soon
as power cuts

BLOCK DIAGRAM :-

BLOCK DESCRIPTION

The inverter section consists of battery charger & inverter.

In charger section a step down transformer used to step
down the 230 v AC to 18 v AC. It is then rectified and
filtered to give pure DC. It is passed through a regulator to
give regulated output so that it is not change due to input
condition. Variable regulator is meant for derive 14v source
for charging a lead acid battery.
Charger section is activated only during the AC mains
available. During power cut inverter starts. This happens
only due to a relay between battery & inverter transformer.
This relay is made ON by regulated output DC source. relay ON
means it cuts battery power to transformer & multivibrator
circuit.
As soon as power cuts occurs power from regulator stops &
so relay is made off. This establish bridge between battery &
transformer & multivibrator section. This starts inverter action

INVERTER DESIGN

Inverters circuits are in general low frequency large signal

circuits. Therefore it is important to know the
characteristics of the power transistors intended to be used
at high current levels. The gain usually falls as the current
level increases and with the increase in the frequency of
operation. The transistor dissipate a lot of heat and they
are therefore mounted on large heat sinks.
All inverters use some kind of oscillator. Low power
inverters use a power oscillator which directly delivers the
required output power to the load. Care is taken during
design that the oscillator will start and continue to oscillate
in all practical situations of light loads and overloads. High
power inverters use a low power oscillator and a power
amplifier to deliver requisite power.

BASIC FUNDAMENTAL CIRCUIT

OF INVERTER

In our case we have to obtain 220V Ac from 12V DC

source. Therefore a step up transformer is required. One
battery is connected. Current through the winding is
oscillated. Therefore a center tapped transformer is
required 12-0-12/ 220. Electronics switch (Transistors) are
oscillated in particular frequency therefore current flows in
first half A to B then for certain period and then for next
period in next half of the winding C to B of the primary.
This is how a constant current is made oscillated in
particular frequency. So secondary winding will step up the
voltage in the primary winding voltage to several fold to get
220V. During A side switch is ON, B side switch is OFF.
Therefore output is a squasi-square wave.
The switches are intermitently ON/OFF by a multivibrator or
by logic circuit.

CIRCUIT DESCRIPTION :

The Inverter circuit in the figure consists of four main sections like
Bistable multivibator
Darlington pair circuit
Power transistor
Relay
Battery
Transformer
Bistable multivibrator consists of two BC547. The resistors 27k and
capacitors 0.47F are responsible for oscillation. The oscillatory
frequency is
F = 1400 / 2 (0.47 x 27) = 55 cycles / second
Darlington pair circuit consists of CK100 and BD140. These two are PNP
transistors responsible for giving high load current. Output of it is
connected to the base of power transistor. Also the Darlington pair
circuit is provided with pulsating signal and accordingly it inject signal
into power transistor base. Power transistor is power switch that is to
take the load current.
Relay is SINGLE ( SPDT) one that controls power to both
multivibrator & inverter section. It is so connected that its coil get
regulated power from regulator. During AC available relay is ON & so
it disconnect the inverter from battery. So inverter circuit is
connected to N/O ( Normally ON ) pin of the relay.

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM :-

MULTIVIBRATOR CIRCUIT :

Multivibrator are simply oscillators. They are fall into

category of relaxation oscillator. They find wide range
of application in the field of computer and electronics.

Taking a example of LED flasher we can discuss the

circuit. L1 and L2 are two flashing LEDs which are
connected to collector of transistor. Lamps L1 and L2
flash alternatively. With the value of components shown
L1 remains on for approximately one second L2 for
next one second.
The value of on time of L1 depends upon the value of
resistor R2 and the capacitor C2. By increasing the
value of the R2 or C2 or both the on time of L1 can be
increased. Similarly on time of L2 depends upon the R3
and C1. One can change the on time by varying the
capacitor or resistor.

MULTIVIBRATOR

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM :-

AC 230v is fed into the step down transformer. Transformer

has input of 230v and output of 12-0-12. Then it is
rectified by two diodes. The rectified output is not a smooth
one and it is pulsating in nature, therefore it is smoothen
by using a filter capacitor value of 1000 F. Then after this
the output is a pure DC. A power supply indicator is used.
For this a LED is used with series resistance. They are
connected between +12v and the ground.
A regulated power can be achieved by implementing a
regulator LM317 IC. Its pin no. 3 is input and 2 is output.
Pin 1 is made ground through a variable resistance.
Whenever there is any variation in voltage to pin 1 through
a variable resistance, the output voltage is also varies.
Output voltage can be varied between 1.5 v DC to 12v DC.
Even if the input AC varies output remains constant. A
diode is connected in series to prevent polarity reversal
during the power cut. As during power cut power from
battery may inrush into circuit. A series resistance is
connected limit the charging current , as it is safe for
battery as well as for regulator

ELECTROMECHANICAL RELAY

The tripping device is electromechanical switch. The relay will

trip whenever it will receive a 12v.
The inside construction is a simple. There is a magnetic coil
on plastic & magnetic material. Copper wire is wound on it.
The wire used is very thin having a resistance 200. It is
hinged on a iron frame at one side. An iron plate is coated
and copper contact is set. The contact point is always set
between two contact points A & B. The one side of the plastic
is always attached by a spring S with iron frame, that its
contact point remain contact with upper contact point with A.
There is a plastic plate set on the iron frame to hold contacts.
There are two contacts. There are two contacts for two coil
sides. The contact pin for A, B contact point and there is
another point which is connected to load contact(movable).
The moving contact helps in changing taps in autotransformer. As takes load current it is made thicker.
Electromagnetic force is produced by the magnetic flux,
which is produced by the operating quantity. The
electromagnetic force exerted on the moving element, is
proportional to the square of the flux in the air gap or the
square of the current.

Fig.. internal structure of the tripping device.

LM317

LM317 3-teminal adjustable voltage

regulators It is adjustable positive
voltage regulators capable of supplying in
excess of 1.5A over a 1.2v to 37v output
range . They are exceptionally easy to
use and require only two external resistor
to set the output voltage . Further both
line and load regulation are better than
standard fixed regulators . Also the
LM317 is packaged in standard transistor
packages which are easily mounted and
handled .

FEATURES :

Adjustable output down to 1.2 v

Guaranteed 1.5v output current
line regulation typically 0.1%
load regulation typically 0.1%
current limiting constant with temperature
100% electrical burn-in
eliminates the need to stock many
voltages
standard 3-lead transistor package
80dB ripple rejection

DARLINGTON CIRCUIT:

If two transistors of the same type are directly

connected as shown. The emitter of T1 is connected
to base of T2, the combination has a total of three
external connections B, C and E and act as a single
transistor whose gain equals the T1 gain x the T2
gain. In order to handle greater load current T1
may be connected to two or more than two
transistors in parallel. The Re resistors help to
equalize the load current.

USES :

Inverter is power converter of DC to AC. It

can be used as emergency power supply
unit. Using inverter we can obtain a
various frequency of AC signal. That can
be used in laboratory for other
applications. Home appliances like t.v.
sets, radios kitchen appliances and the
like in cottage boat or trailer. In aircraft it
may supply power at relatively high
frequencies of say 400 or 1000 Hertz.
During power failure inverter is the
essential item that supply power.

CONCLUSION:

This inverter is done from project

point of view. This is low wattage for
demonstration purpose and studying
the output waveform. The oscillator
circuit is very good from project
point of view. This project as a crude
power supply unit and can be used
in home. Within 80 watt load can be
used in output.

THANKYOU