Professional Documents
Culture Documents
State
Use
1-4
gas
5-11
liquid
gasoline
9-16
med. visc.
liquid
kerosene
16-25
hi visc. liq.
oil, grease
25-50
solid
paraffin wax
10003000
propertiesanddesignrequirements
polymersused
dental
stabilityandcorrosionresistance,plasticity
strengthandfatigueresistance,coatingactivity
goodadhesion/integrationwithtissue
lowallergenicity
PMMAbasedresinsfor
fillings/prosthesis
polyamides
poly(Znacrylates)
ophthalmic
gelorfilmformingability,hydrophilicity
oxygenpermeability
polyacrylamidegels
PHEMAandcopolymers
orthopedic
strengthandresistancetomechanicalrestraintsand
fatigue
goodintegrationwithbonesandmuscles
PE,PMMA
PL,PG,PLG
cardiovascular
fatigueresistance,lubricity,sterilizability
lackofthrombus,emboliformation
lackofchronicinflammatoryresponse
silicones,Teflon,
poly(urethanes),PEO
drugdelivery
appropriatedrugreleaseprofile
compatibilitywithdrug,biodegradability
PLG,EVA,silicones,
HEMA,PCPPSA
sutures
goodtensilestrength,strengthretention
flexibility,knotretention,lowtissuedrag
silk,catgut,PLG,PTMCG
PP,nylon,PBTE
hard, brittle
no melting point
semi-crystalline glassy state
hard, brittle
crystal formation when cooled
exhibit a melting point
Glass
transition
temperature, Tg
related to chain
mobility
increased flexibility, lower Tg
factors :
flexible links in backbone
Effect of Temperature
semi-crystalline
Rubber
Liquid
Viscous
Liquid
Tm
tough plastic
Tg
semi-crystalline plastic
crystalline solid
10
1000
100000
1000000
Crosslinked Networks
crosslinks
covalent; H-bonding; entanglements
crosslinking
increased molecular weight
swell in solvents
organogel
hydrogel
Thermal Properties
Polymer
Tg(C)
Tm(C)
Nylon6,6
45
267
UHMWPE
125
140
Silicone
123
29
poly(urethane)
090
125225
poly(methylmethacrylate)
105
160
poly(D,Llactide)
50
amorphous
poly(caprolactone)
60
57
poly(glycolicacid)
35
210
Mechanical Properties
Diffusion in Polymers
Polymers can also act as solvents for low molecular weight
compounds. The diffusion of small molecular weight components
in polymers is important in a number of fields :
10
Leaching - Undesirable
polymers often contain contaminants as a result of their
synthesis/manufacturing procedure/equipment
11
Drug Delivery
Ocusert
TD - Scopolamine
12
Chemical
sorption/swelling hydrolysis
softening
oxidation
dissolution
enzymatic
stress cracking
fatigue cracking
13
Hydrolytic Degradation
hydrolysis
the scission of chemical functional groups by reaction with
water
there are a variety of hydrolyzable polymeric materials:
esters
amides
anhydrides
carbonates
urethanes
14
Hydrolytic Degradation
degradation rate dependent on
hydrophobicity
crystallinity
Tg
impurities
initial molecular weight, polydispersity
degree of crosslinking
manufacturing procedure
geometry
site of implantation
15
Hydrolytic Degradation
bulk erosion (homogeneous)
uniform degradation throughout polymer
process
random hydrolytic cleavage (auto-catalytic)
16
Polyesters
Oxidative Degradation
usually involves the abstraction of an H to yield an ion or a radical
direct oxidation by host and/or device
release of superoxide anion and hydrogen peroxide by
neutrophils and macrophages
catalyzed by presence of metal ions from corrosion
18
% weight loss
Enzymatic Degradation
Natural polymers degrade primarily via enzyme action
collagen by collagenases, lysozyme
glycosaminoglycans by hyaluronidase, lysozyme
There is also evidence that degradation of synthetic polymers is
due to or enhanced by enzymes.
80.0
in vitro
60.0
in vivo
40.0
20.0
0.0
-20.0
-5
10
15
time (weeks)
20
25
19