Week: 3

Energy Budgets
Dr. Ir. Happy Nursyam

Energy Budgets
Intake ( I = Income)
Macronutrients
Carbohydrates
Fats/Oils
Proteins
Micronutrients
Vitamins
Essential
Fatty Acids
Amino Acids
Sugars

Energy Use (E = Expenditure)

Respiration
Osmoregulation
Movement
Feeding
Digestion

IF
I=E
I<E
I>E

Reproduction

Growth = 0
Growth =
Growth = +

A Transition Zone - Energetics

Hormonal Control

Ingestion

Storage
Mobilization
Lipid
Lipid
Carbohydrate
Carbohydrate
Protein

Growth

Adsorption
Renal
Stomach
Intestinal

Excretion

Reproduction

Bioenergetics Models
Basic Bioenergetics Equation
Consumption = Growth Respiration Waste or C = G R W
Expanded Equation
Consumption = Growth Standard Metabolism Activity Digestion Feces Urine
Or C = G RS RA RD F U
Winberg Equation
G 2 RS
Consumption = ------------------------1 (RD + F = U)
Production Based Model
Production (Over Specified Interval) = Growth (Over Interval) X Mean Biomass
(Over Interval Or P = G . B)
P
Applied to Cohorts Becomes
CTOT = ------G/C

Bioenergetics (Continued)
Bioenergetics

External Energy Demands

Homeostatic Energy Expenditures

Energetics A Question of Temperature

First Order Kinetic Equations for Enzyme Action
T1
V = Vmax
V=

T0

Vmax
2

S0
i

S'0

V = Velocity of the reaction

S = Substrate concentration
= Initial velocity at start of reaction
S0 = Initial substrate concentration at start of reaction
i

Second Order Kinetic Equations

T0

1
V

T1

1
V max
slope =

1
Km
1 / S0
V=Velocityofthereaction
S=Substrateconcentration
=Initialvelocityatstartofreaction
S0i =Initialsubstrateconcentrationatstartofreaction

V max

Energetics (Continued)
Proteins and Amino Acids
Fish have higher protein requirements than terrestrial
vertebrates (20 55% vs. 12 25%)
Carnivores High up to 60% of diet
Herbivores
Can digestion protein
But depending on experimental conditions growth vs. %
protein in diet will vary
Limiting factor is essential amino acids

Energetics Some Considerations

Use of Fish Protein vs. Plant Protein
Fish meal is becoming and issue
Salmon offal often contains pathogens
requiring pasteurization
Examples
Salmon use Salmon
Tilapia use poultry waste

Growth is Protein Based

Constraints on Growth
Food Quality
Digestible vs. Indigestible
Ratio
Availability of Digestible

Micro Macro Nutrient Ratio

Prey Shifting
Ontogenetic Shifts

Food Quantity
Prey Availability

Herbivore Compensation
Microbial Digestion to Produce VFAs

Protein Based Energy Assimilation

Nature of Food

Increasing Protein

Invertebrates
Algae

Macrophytes

Detritus

Increasing Energy Assimilation