Professional Documents
Culture Documents
By:
Wayne Robinson
workpiece.
The Common Types :1. Dye Penetrant Testing
2. Ultrasonic Testing
3. Radiographic Testing
4. Magnetic Particle Testing
Flow Diagram
Penetrant
Apply Penetrant
Indication
Developer
Remove Excess
Apply Developer
ARL Laboratory Services, Australia
Surface Preparation
Physical Methods
Scale
Slag
Corrosion
products
Chemical Methods
Oils and
Greases
Paints
Carbon
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2. Penetrant Application:
Once the surface has been thoroughly
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Penetrant Application
Penetrating fluid applied to component
and
drawn into defect by capillary action
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Types of Penetrant
Colour Contrast
Fluorescent
All other factors being equal,
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3. Penetrant Dwell:
The penetrant is left on the surface
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3. Penetrant Dwell:
The times vary depending on the
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3. Penetrant Dwell:
The ideal dwell time is often
determined by experimentation
and may be very specific to a
particular application.
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INSUFFICIENT CLEANING
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Post emulsification
systems
Lipophilic
Contact time is critical & should
be determined by
experimentation
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Lipophilic Emulsifier
LIPOPHILIC means OIL LOVING.
Lipophilic emulsifiers are applied undiluted.
Methods of application include:
1 immersion
2 dip and drain
3 electrostatic spray
Contact time with lipophilic emulsifier is
EXTREMELY CRITICAL.
Lipophilic emulsifier is less user friendly then
hydrophilic, it is also more expensive.
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Hydrophilic Emulsifier
HYDROPHILIC means WATER LOVING.
Hydrophilic emulsifiers are powerful detergents
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Post emulsifiable
ADVANTAGES
Maximum penetrating
ability
Greater control over
penetrant removal
DISADVANTAGES
Not suited to rough
surfaces
More expensive
More time consuming
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Solvent Removable
ADVANTAGES
Portability
No water supply
needed
DISADVANTAGES
Not suited to batch
testing
Requires hand wiping
so time consuming
More expensive than
water washable
Potentially hazardous
chemicals
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4.
Drying
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5.Development
Penetrating fluid applied to component
and drawn into defect by capillary
action
Developer applied to surface
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Developer Properties
Absorbent
Fine texture
Able to mask out
Easily wetted
Contrasting colour
Easily removed
background colour Non-toxic
Evenly and easily and
applicable
Non-irritant
Light and even
coat
Non-fluorescing
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Developer action
Penetrating fluid applied to
component and
drawn into defect by capillary action
Developer applied to surface
Penetrant drawn back out of the
defect by
reverse capillary action
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Developer action
Capillary Action - Increases the size of an
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Development
Dry powder
Aqueous liquid
Non-Aqueous liquid
Applied by Aerosol
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DISADVANTAGES
Difficult to see if
properly applied
Fine powders can be
hazardous
Does not offer the best
degree of colour
contrast
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Aqueous Developer
Solutions
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Aqueous Developer
Solutions
Suspensions
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Aqueous Developer
ADVANTAGES
No vapours or dust
Cheaper than nonaqueous
DISADVANTAGES
Difficult to apply
evenly
Requires drying after
application
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Non-Aqueous Developer
ADVANTAGES
Most sensitive
Usable with
fluorescent or colour
contrast
DISADVANTAGES
Hazardous solvents
Higher cost
Need to be correctly
applied
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Developer Sensitivity
Dry powder
Aqueous solution
100 - 140 %
110 - 150
%
Aqueous suspension 120 - 200%
Non-Aqueous
120 - 240%
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6. Inspection
Indications viewed as soon as
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30 Seconds
1 Minute
15
Minutes
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6. Inspection
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6. Inspection
Fluorescent
Allow 10 minutes lamp warm-up
Allow 5 minutes dark adaptation
Do not wear photo-chromatic spectacles
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7. Post Cleaning
DPI residues must be removed because:
They may be harmful to the component
or
They may impair subsequent processing
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Advantages of DPI
Applicable to all non-porous materials
Able to test large parts with a portable kit
Batch testing
Applicable to small parts with complex
geometry
Simple,cheap, easy to interpret
Good sensitivity
Training requirements typically less than for
other NDT methods.
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Disadvantages of DPI
Will only detect defects open to the
surface
Careful surface preparation required
Not applicable to porous materials
Temperature dependent
Cannot retest indefinitely
Compatibility of chemicals
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Penetrant Systems
PENETRANT
Colour Contrast
Fluorescent REMOVAL
Dual
Water Washable
Solvent Removable
Post-Emulsified
DEVELOPER
Dry Powder
Water Suspended
Water Soluble
Solvent Suspended
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Selection of System
Nature of discontinuities (size and
type)
Geometry and intricacy
Surface condition
Component material and application
Size and position
Equipment and expertise available
Cost
Number of components to be tested
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Control Checks
Tank levels
Overall system performance
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Overall System
Performance
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Control Checks
Tank levels
Overall system performance
Rinse water temperature
Oven temperature
Equipment cleanliness
Airline filters
UV-A filters
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Daily
Daily
Daily
Daily
Daily
Weekly
Daily
Monthly
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Colour Contrast
Fluorescent
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PENETRANT INDICATIONS
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PENETRANT INDICATIONS
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