CHAPTER III

THE RISE OF CONCERN OVER SCIENCE

AND TECHNOLOGY IN SOCIETY:
HISTORICAL PERSPECTVE
Manhattan Project

• most significant technical

undertaking from the start of World
War II to 1945.
• cultimates in the destruction of
Hiroshima and Nagasaki in Japan.
• this event raised the issue of the
social responsibility of
scientists and engineers to new
level of awareness and concern.
Robert Oppenheimer

• the director of Manhattan

Project

• he acknowledged the radically

altered relationship of science,
technology and society
spawned by the atomic age: The
physicist have sin (Oppenheimer
1995)
 1945-1960

• emerging affluence made possible in part by

technology and science & the increasing role of the
federal government in funding scientific & technological
work served to hinder public considerations of
these issues.
Some Responses and
Reactions from Society and
the
Academic Institution
• Between 1960 and 1970, the number of developments occurred in
various industrial societies that show the growing public
awareness and concern with the developmental changes of
science and technology in society.
• National Environment Policy Act
passed by United States Congress which mandated the preparatin
and approval of environmental impact statements or assessment
before proceeding with public or private projects ‘requiring
planning permission or state funding or any kind of state license,
permission or aid”
• Energy crisis which affected several countries (1970s)
• These dvelopments heightened the growing concern of
governments on STS issues.
Science and Technology
during the Following Periods

A. Ancient Times
B. Middle Ages
C. Renaissance (17th century)
D. S & T from the 17th century to the early 19th centu
E. S & T in the 19h century
F. S & T in the 20th century
A. Ancient Times
Sumerian Civilization
• 3,500 BC
• Mesopotamia
a place in Western wherein the first ancient
times civilization started
• Cuneiform
first writing process or system wherein a set of
word pictures represented in symbols made of
triangular marks.
• Livelihood primarily agricultural in nature.
(a) irrigating their fields by constructing dikes and
canals.
(b) plant crops and raised some livestock for their
own family consumption and for trade.

• Clothing:provided from woven wool from

sheepskin.
• transportation: use of donkey
credited the invention of sailboat.
• built roads in their cities and other commercial
places
BABYLONIAN CIVILIZATION

• 3,500 BC – 500 BC
• located in the border of the fam
Euphrates and Tigris r
in Iraq.

• 2 prominent leaders:
(a) Hammurabi (1792-1750 BC)
(b) Nebuchadnezzar II (604-562 B
BABYLONIAN CIVILIZATION

• Hammurabi
promulgated his code of law, vital
instrument for him to rule empire.

• king usually will have to devised

some rules and regulations for his
people or subjects to follow so
as to maintain peace, harmony &
prosperity in the kingdom.
BABYLONIAN CIVILIZATION

• Nebuchadnezzar
possess the attribute and talent of a
structure builder is credited for the
construction of the famous
“Hanging Garden of Babylon”

• they adopted sexagismal system of

counting in unit and intervals of 60
which served as the basis for
graduating the circumference of circle
to 360° and the 60 min equal
graduations to a hour duration in time.
EGYPTIAN CIVILIZATION

• 5000-3100 BC
• Egypt
desert areas predominantly cover the country but
the presence of the Nile river provide Egypt the
necessary water requirements to support
agricultural activities.

• agriculturally inclined and craftsmen.

• developed pottery items of various shapes and
sizes, & work on metals to produce tool
implements, weapon & agricultural implements
for use in their field.

• shelter: construct their houses using reeds and

airdied mud.

Periods:
• Earliest Egyptian
• Golden Age
• Period of New Kingdom (1567-1085 BC)
 EGYPTIAN CIVILIZATION

Earliest Egyptian

• writing started and appeared between 3,300

-3,100 BC.
• period when they started to study the
heavens, the galaxy and heavenly
bodies.
• primarily focus is on the stars.
• earliest recorded calendar based on the
movements of heavenly bodies relative to
the earth movement.
EGYPTIAN CIVILIZATION

Golden Age

• period of prosperity nad changes or

innovation.
• Pyramids at Gizah were constructed
• The Great Pyramid of Cheofs (2520 BC
• Pyramids were still stand today as an
evidence of the scientific expertise and
technical skills of ancient Egyptians in
geometry, measuration, engineering,
architecture, and manpower
management.
 EGYPTIAN CIVILIZATION

Period of New Kingdom (1567-

1085 BC)

• -products in the form of pottery, earthenware, linens,

perfumed oils, ointments, jewelry were traded with foreign
goods.
• -Bigger boats made of wood for transportation & trading.
• -trading was done by exchanging goods based on agreed
appropriate/ approximate equal value.
• -in a later period a system was developed using scales and
standard weight
 GREEK CIVILIZATION

• 1100 BCE

• time of when the significant developments occurred

in the fields of physical science, medicine,
mathematics, hydraulics, and astronomy.
 GREEK WISE MEN

• Thales (624-547 BC)

reasoned that matter was composed of/
convertible to water.

• Socrates (470-399 BC)

Greek philosopheras become renowned
for his contribution to the field of ethics

• Hippocrates (400BC)
-Greek wise men pioneered in regarding
medicine as a science apart from
religion.
He taught that diseases and illness have
natural causes and the human body
is capable of healing or providing vital
body mechanisms to repair itself.
-credited for the oath prescribing
physician’s ethical responsibility.
 GREEK WISE MEN
• Aristotle (384-322)
his part was involved in different areas of
scientific work ranging from gathering
information on the structure and
behavior of plants and animals to their
identification, description, and
classification.

• Archimedes (287-212 BC)

-discovery of principles of lever & pulley
- law of Bouyancy

• Pythagoras
-Greek mathematician perfected
geometry as a single logical process/
system.

• Ptolemy (100AD)
-greatest astronomers of the ancient
times.
 PERSIAN CIVILIZATION

• Cyrus the Great

- inhabited by the tribes from Central Asia.
-Achieve important development activities
that resulted to becoming a leading nation in
the ancient world.

• Darius I the Great (522-486 BC)

-standard weights & measures, coins of gold
silver

• Alexander the Great (355-323 BC)

- Greek culture & influence spread
ROMAN CIVILIZATION

• construction of big structures like domes,

colosseum, monuments, stadiums, and other
permanent structures.
• Active in developing infrastructure networks that
they construct roads from Rome to other places in
Italy and similarly to Constantinople.

• Constantinople
-landmark of big buildings and trade centers,
residential areas andchurches with
decorations of marbles, mosaic and silver.
-protected from enemy from high & thick walls.
-1435, conquered by Ottoman Turks & declared
as their capital, Istanbul.
ARABIC CIVILIZATION

• Muhammad (570-632 AD)

founder of Islam

• trade & commerce

• Greeks, Indians & Persians
influences significantly
contributed to Arab knowledge in
mathematic & knowledge
CHINESE CIVILIZATION

• domestically caring for

animals for food and for
clothing.

• they work on metals to on

fabricate, hand tools, anf farm
implements.

• the idea and method of

producting silk started this
period.
CHINESE CIVILIZATION
• Shang Dynasty- 1st dynasty
-development of bronze containers or
vessels, production of silk for slothing
and the development and establishment
of system of writing.

• Chou Dynasty (1122-1027BC) – (255-

256 BC)
-Political & cultural behavior and traits
were established during this period.
-farming was improved – Ox-dran plows
and other forms of farm implements were
developed & introduced to farmers.
-the birth of new technology in
agricultural farming improved farm
outputs and some relief on people
particularly engaged in rice and other
crop production.
800BC- studying and recording eclipses
of the sun.
CHINESE CIVILIZATION

• Ch’in Dynasty (221-206 BC)

-the name “China” was derived
from Ch’in.
Shih Huang Ti
-1st emperor of this dynasty,
instituted a harsh and strict way
of governance. He
standardized the system of
writings, weights & measures,
and the sizes of the wagon
wheels and roads.
-Grat Wall of China
CHINESE CIVILIZATION
• Han Dynasty
-discovery of healing drugs and herbs
taken from plants and animal parts.
-credited for developing/inventing the
“earthquake weather clock” (now called
seismograph).
-technology of papermaking and
invention of printing press.

• T’ang Dynasty (618-907 AD)

-advances in medicine, invention of
gunpowder, use of coal as a fuel.

• Sung Dynasty
-paper currency and printing of
Confucian classic spread.
-Bigger boats and ships for traveling the
high seas.
INDUS-HINDU CIVILIZATION

• -construction of layouts of its cities

featuring water wells, bathrooms,
and waste pipes in their houses.
• -tools implements are made of
stones, bronze and wood.
• The level of culture, the significant
achievements in S& T, arts,
medicine & matemathics made India
as the home of advance knowledge
& practice of medicine.
• -implication of zero & infinity, square
root & cube root, negative &
positive.
B. MiddLe Age
 Middle Ages

• period between Ancient times & Modern times

• Catholic Church having some sort of wealth and power
played an important role during this period.
• catholic monasteries became the centers of learning
and source of relief for the sick and the needy.
• monks got idea of copying ang preserving the
manuscripts and other documents of the ancient
classical learning of posterity.
• Scholars put more emphasis in studying the theology
rather than science.
 Middle Ages

• in contrast, the Arabs in the Middle East tried to preserve the

scientific knowledge they acquired from the Greco-Roman influence.
• Arabs were able to demonstrated the important scientific
achievements in the field of astronomy, medicine and mathematics.

1000AD
• achievements of Arab scientists were translated into Latin.
• Hindu-Arabic number system in Europe introduced.
• Science and Mathematics were givne particular attention as a
component in their educational development process.
C. Renaissance Period
17th century
 Renaissance Period
• 17th century
• period of rebirth.
• technology of printing books and other documents.
• translation of scientific knowledge from Greek to
Latin.

Great men of art & science:

• Leonardo da vinci
-interested in studying astronomy, anaomy,
geology and mechanics.
-invented motorcar, machinegun & submarine.

• Andreas Versalius
-surgeon & anatomist laid out in detail the first
scientifically accurate description of human
anatomy “On the fabric of the Human Body”.
-recognized as the father of modern medicine.
D. S & T from the 17th century to the
early 19th century
Industrial
 Industrial Revolution

• labor and other activities are done by human hands,

either directly or with the aid of tools/implements held
by hands/with animals guided by man.

• -in the process, the power provided by man for the man
for the production of good services was reinforced
by simple devices or machines like the lever, pulley
and provisioned weights that were subsequently
supplemented by water, air and heat energy to
perform work.

• steam engine which was invented in the late 1600s was

significally improved by James Watt (1765) a Scottish
engineer by inventing the condensing steam engine.
 Industrial Revolution
• Joseph Black
the discoverer of latent heat in thermodynamics

• 1825
-British engineers constructed the first passenger railway transport.
-within the decade, travelers n Europe & North America used railways.

• Francis Baron
-through the useful utilization and application of knowledge, the material
pursuit and welfare of society can be advanced and improved.

• Benjamin Franklin
contribution to science was his experiment on electricity.
he invented the lightning rod, device that prevents houses from burning
when struck by a lightning.

• Alessandro Volta
experiments on metals ended up to his invention of the electric battery in
1800.
The unit of electromagnetic force which drives current called “volts” was
derived from his name.
 Industrial Revolution
• Michael Faraday
-conducted experimental work on electromagnetism paving the way for his
invention of electromagnetic conduction.

• Oersted
-revealed that electric current that flowed on wire and deflected the needle of a
magnetic compass.

• Andre Ampere
-explained the magnetic effects in terms of electric currents flowing in small
loops and he deduced the if the flow of electricity produced magnetism, the
magnetism should be able to generate electric current.

• Joseph Henry
-middle of 19th century, he used power electromagnets for lifting heavy loads.

• Samuel Morse
-developed the first practical telegraph
-1835, he developed Morse Code, system of signals composed of dots and
dashes combined to represent letters of the alphabets used in wire telegraph.
 Industrial Revolution

• Thomas Alva Edison

- invented the electric bulb

• Alexander Graham Bell

-invented the first telephone. He had the pleasure of carrying out the
world’s first successful telephone conversation in 1876.

• Heinrich Hertz
-physicist who was able to produce and visualize electromagnetic waves.

• Guglielmo Marconi
-Italian physicist who developed the wireless telegraph apparatus which
was patented in 1990. In his contribution, he was awarded the Nobel
Prize in 1909.
• during this period, society was significantly and beneficially influenced
by scientific and technological developments. There’s a big change and
more advancement seen in this period in the process of industrialization.
Evident of these changes are in the areas of communication,
transportation, and electricity
E. S& T in the 19h century
 E. S& T in the 19th century

• marked a crucial point in the relationship of S &T

• “Science-based industries”
• the products produced in these industries were coal tar dye manufacture
and electrical power generation and machinery.
• this period emerged the “Industrial Research Laboratory”
• chemistry science had already borne fruit in the area of dyestuffs industry.
• The basic scientific discovery of electromagnetic induction in 1831 by
Michael Faraday “The epitome of the pure scientist” preceded by
about 50 yrs its technical exploitation on a large scale: the construction of
the first public power stations.
• Current-generating dynamo, primitive version of which he developed soon
after discovering electromagnetic induction (1880)
F. S& T in the 20th century
 F. S& T in the 20th century

• the growth of “Industrial Research Laboratory”

• birth of German coal-tar industry, industry research
laboratory.
• -139 research laboratories were established in American
industry.
• Alexander Graham Bell’s Laboratory (Boston)
• Bell Telephone Laboratories
• American Telephone & Telegraph -parent company of BTL
 Technology Not Completely Dependent
on Science

• The 20th century technological activity is much more

dependent upon scientific knowledge than ever before.
• Fundamental research in genetics, physics, &chemistry has
been crucial to the progress of the genetic engineering
,nuclear power, & drug industries.
• Question be produced in timely fashion, using “seat of
pants”, “trial and error” and other systematic but non-
theoretical bases.
 The Growing Independence of S & T

• During past 130 years, S & T relationship has been one of

the progressive symbiosis.
• 20th century science’s main contribution to technology has
been the production of well grounded knowledge on which
technological activity can confidently build, that
contribution seems likely to take an added
dimension in the future.
• The relationship between science & technology has changed
radically over the centuries.
Presented by: GARCIA, John Richard
BSN 3-C
Presented to: Ms. Apolonia Reynoso