KNOWLEDGE OF ANATOMY

NECESSARY FOR:
Accurate patient assessment
Locating body organs system
Quality patient care

ANATOMICAL POSITION
C r a n iu m

T h o ra x
To rs o

A rm
E lb o w

Abdom en

F o re a rm
W r is t
Hand

P e lv is

T h ig h
K nee
Leg

4-1.jpg
A n k le
Foot

L o w e r e x tr e m ity

This position is the basis

for description of anatomy.

U p p e r e x tr e m ity

S h o u ld e r

Palms facing forward

Face

M a n d ib le
N eck

H ead

Person standing, facing

forward

ANATOMIC PLANES
Mid-axillary line

Divide the body into

specific areas
Used as anatomic
reference points

Anterior
(ventral)

Posterior
(dorsal)

Superio
r
Inferior

Directional Terms (Lateral)

ANATOMIC PLANES
Midline

Mid-clavicular
Lateral
Medial

Pro
x
tal
Di s

Used as anatomic
reference points

im a
l

Divide the body into

specific areas

Right

Left

Directional Terms (Frontal)

Supine

Prone

Recovery (Lateral Recumbent) Position

Fowlers position

Trendelenburg Position

Human Body Systems

MUSCULOSKELETAL SYSTEM
Gives the body
shape
Protects internal
organs
Provides for body
movement

SKELETAL SYSTEM

Your body contains 206 bones

of various shapes and sizes.

SKELETAL SYSTEM

Your body contains 206 bones

of various shapes and sizes.

Irregular bones

4 TYPES OF BONES

Long bone

Flat bones

Short bones

DETAIL OF THE UPPER EXTREMITIES

JOINTS
M u s c le
Bone

Ten do n

Replacement

L ig a m e n t

Bone

JOINTS

Ball-and-Socket Joint

Hinge Joint

SKULL AND FACIAL BONES

CRANIUM

Zygoma
(cheek)
Maxilla

Mandible
(jaw)

Orbit
Nasal Bones

FACE

SPINAL COLUMN

C e r v ic a l

T h o r a c ic

Lum bar
S a c ru m
C occyx

MUSCLES
3 TYPES of MUSCLES
Skeletal

Cardiac

Smooth

MUSCLES
Voluntary (Skeletal) Muscle
Attaches to the bones
Forms the major muscle mass of the body
Responsible for movement
Under conscious control
Involuntary (Smooth) Muscle
Found in gastrointestinal tract, urinary system,
blood vessels
Controls the flow of materials through these
structures

MUSCLES
Found only in the heart
Involuntary muscle
Has its own blood supply
(Coronary arteries)

CARDIAC MUSCLE

Can only tolerate interruption of

blood supply for a short time
Contracts on its own
(automaticity)

ABDOMINAL QUADRANTS

RESPIRATORY SYSTEM
Moves oxygen into
bloodstream through
inhalation
Picks up carbon dioxide
to be excreted through
exhalation

RESPIRATORY SYSTEM

RESPIRATORY SYSTEM (Inhalation)

Diaphragm and intercostal
muscles contract
Diaphragm moves
downward
Ribs move upward and
outward
Size of chest cavity
increases

RESPIRATORY SYSTEM (Exhalation)

Diaphragm and intercostal
muscles relax
Diaphragm moves upward
Ribs move down and
inward
Size of chest cavity
decreases

RESPIRATORY SYSTEM

RESPIRATORY SYSTEM
Adequate Breathing:
a. Normal Rates
Adults

12-20/min.

Children

15-30/min.

Infant

25-50/min

RESPIRATORY SYSTEM
Adequate Breathing:
b. Rhythm
Usually regular
May be slightly irregular and influenced by
talking
c. Quality
Breath sounds
Chest expansion
Effort

Present, equal
Adequate, equal
Minimal accessory

RESPIRATORY SYSTEM

Inadequate Breathing:
Breath sounds Diminished or absent
Chest expansion.. Unequal or inadequate
Breathing effort ..

Increased use of accessory

muscles, especially in
infants and children

SIGNS OF INADEQUATE BREATHING

Nasal flaring
Cyanosis
Chest
Tightness
Excessive
use
of accessory
muscles
Numbness,
tingling in
hands & feet

Pursed lips on
exhalation
Coughing,
crowing, highpitched bark
Respiratory noise
wheezing
rattling

Impaired mentation
unconsciousness
dizziness
restlessness
anxiety
confusion
combativeness

INADEQUATE BREATHING:
Infants and children

Nasal Flaring
Retractions
See-Saw
Breathing

Diaphragmatic Breathing

CIRCULATORY SYSTEM
M A J O R A R T E R IE S
C a r o tid

M A J O R V E IN S
P u lm o n a r y v e in
S u p e r io r v e n a c a v a

P u lm o n a r y a r te r y
A o rta
B r a c h ia l

R a d ia l
F e m o ra l

P o s t e r io r t ib ia l

D o r s a l p e d is

In fe r io r v e n a c a v a

Heart pumps blood that

is carried by blood vessels
throughout the body.
Blood carries food and
oxygen to, and removes
wastes from, the bodys
cells

The Heart
Aorta
R. Pulmonary Artery
L. Pulmonary Artery
Superior Vena Cava
R. Pulmonary Veins
Right Atrium
Valves
Right Ventricle
Inferior Vena Cava

L. Pulmonary Veins
Left Atrium
Valves
Left Ventricle

VESSELS OF CIRCULATION
Vein

Artery Tiny vessels that

connect arterioles
to venules.
Allow for the exchange
of waste and nutrients
at the cellular level.

Valve

Arterioles
Venules

Capillary bed

VESSELS OF CIRCULATION
Arteries(Carry blood away from heart)

Veins(Carry blood toward heart)

Arterioles (Smallest arteries)
Venules (Smallest veins)

BLOOD COMPOSITION
Red blood cells
Give blood its color
Carry oxygen to organs
Carry carbon dioxide away from organs
White blood cells
Defense against infection

BLOOD COMPOSITION
Plasma
Fluid that carries blood
cells and nutrients.

Platelets
Essential for formation
of clots.

NERVOUS SYSTEM
Central
nervous system
Controls all basic
bodily functions,
and responds to
external changes

Autonomic
nervous system
Parallels spinal cord
but is separately
involved in control of
exocrine glands,
blood vessels,
viscera and external
genitalia

Peripheral
nervous system

Provides a complete
network of motor and
sensory nerve fibers
connecting the central
nervous system to the
rest of the body.

NERVOUS SYSTEM

2 Components
Central nervous system
Peripheral nervous system
(Includes the autonomic nervous system)

NERVOUS SYSTEM
Central Nervous System:
Brain
Spinal cord
Peripheral Nervous System:
Sensory nerves (Carry information from
the body to the brain and spinal cord)
Motor nerves (Carry information from
the brain and spinal cord to the body)

SKIN
Protects the body from the environment
and organism
Helps regulate body temperature
Senses heat, cold, touch, pressure, pain

Layers of the Skin

ENDOCRINE SYSTEM
Secretes chemicals that regulate body activities,
functions:
Insulin
Epinephrine

REVIEW QUESTIONS