Linux Basic Course Ionrivera

LINUX Basic Course
Napoleon Rivera
ALU - DCS UNIX
Copyright 2012 Hewlett-Packard Development Company, L.P. The information contained herein is subject to change without notice.
Introduction
What is Linux?
The Story of Linux.
How Linux is Built?
Linux Basic Course

Part 1 - OS Installation RHEL
Part 2 - Basic Commands
Part 3 - User and Group
Administration
Part 4 - Linux Filesystem, Files and
Directories
Part 5 - Help Utilities, User
Password
Part 6 - Sudo
Part 7 - File Permissions and Access
Part 8 - ACL
Part 1
OS Installation RHEL
OS Installation
Prerequisite:
1. Vmware Workstation Version 8.0
2. RHEL_6.2i386 iso
3. Available disk space 25GB
Note: you can download WMware workstation
installer and RHEL6.2 ISO image from this link.
//RGUIRUELA2/iso
OS Installation
1. Select " Install or Upgrade an existing system
OS Installation
3. Select SKIP
OS Installation
3. Choose Language
OS Installation
4. Keyboard mapping
OS Installation
5. Select Storage Device
10
OS Installation
6. Click yes, discard any data
11
OS Installation
7. Type the server name
12
OS Installation
8. Choose the correct time zone
13
OS Installation
9. Provide the initial root password
14
OS Installation
10. Select Create Custom Layout
15
OS Installation
11. Use this disk partition pattern for your VM
16
OS Installation
12. Click Format
17
OS Installation
13. Click on next
18
OS Installation
14. Select Desktop and Redhat Enterprise Linux
19
OS Installation
15. Click on reboot
20
OS Installation
16. Click on Forward
21
OS Installation
17. Select yes and click Forward
22
OS Installation
23
OS Installation
24
OS Installation
17. Click Forward
25
OS Installation
17. Create non-administrative user (regular user)
26
OS Installation
17. Set Time
27
OS Installation
17. Login
28
Part 2
Basic Commands
SHELL
Commonly used UNIIX/Linux

Shells:
Bash
Ksh
Csh
USER
Shell
Application
Linux Kernel
Computer Hardware
30
Bash Shell
Environmental Files
These are the hidden files that define the setup and behavior of the terminal.
In Unix, the filenames have no bash as the prefix.
Filename
Description
Script that is executed upon login.
.
bash_profil
e
.
Script that is executed upon logout.
bash_logout
.
Log file of the commands executed in the terminal
Command
Aliases
bash_histor
alias
- can be useful if you want to create a 'shortcut' to
y
.bashrc
Script executed upon login and where the aliases are normally
option/s.
placed.
a command with
[joseph@localhost ~]$ alias la=ls a
Environmental Variables
env
-displays the environmental variables.
Examples are:
HOSTNAME=localhost.localdomain
TERM=xterm
SHELL=/bin/bash
HISTSIZE=1000
USER=joseph
HOME=/home/joseph
31 Copyright 2012 Hewlett-Packard Development Company, L.P. The information contained herein is subject to change without notice.
Bash Shell
History
! - repeat specified command
!! - repeat previous command
^^ - repeat previous command with substitution
[ArrowUp] and [ArrowDown] - scroll through the command history (in bash)
history n command followed by the number of last commands to show
!n execute the nth command
Autocomplete
[Tab][Tab] - prints a list of all available commands. This is just an example of
autocomplete with no restriction on the first letter.
x[Tab][Tab] - prints a list of all available completions for a command, where the
beginning is ``x''
Accesing Virtual Terminals

[Alt][Ctrl][F1] - switch to the first virtual text console
[Alt][Ctrl][Fn] - switch to the nth virtual text console. Typically, there are six on a
Linux PC system.
[Alt][Ctrl][F7] - switch to the first GUI console, if there is one running. If the
graphical console freezes, one can switch to a nongraphical console, kill the
process that is giving problems, and switch back to the graphical console using
this shortcut.
32
Checking Server informations

Command
uname
uptime
top
33
Description
Checks servers OS, hostname, kernel build, date&time,
architecture etc...
Check servers uptime
free
Displays top CPU process. It can sort the tasks by CPU usage,
memory usage and runtime.
Display memory usage
df
Display system disk space
du
Estimates file space usage
lspci
List pci devices (Processor, VGA controller, audio device, SATA,

Ethernet etc
Moving around the filesystem

Command
Description
pwd
prints the present working directory
ls
lists the contents of the directory
cd
changes the working directory
File Navigation
/ - root directory
./ - current directory
./command_name
- run a command in the current directory when the current
directory is not on the path
../ - parent directory
~ - home directory
34
Pathnames
Absolute Pathnames
Absolute is typing the complete pathname (/ is the
reference)
[ionrivera@sandbox]$ cd /etc/yum
[ionrivera@sandbox]$
Brings you to the /etc/yum folder
Relative Pathnames (./)
[ionrivera@sandbox]$ ls
pluginconf.d yum-updatesd.conf
[ionrivera@sandbox]$ cd ./pluginconf.d
The .. - will go one level up in the file system
35
File viewing and manipulation

Command
mkdir
file
view
cat
touch
cp
mv
rm
rmdir
ln
36
Description
Makes a directory
Determines file type
Displays the content of the file
to concatenate or type the content of the file on screen
Changes file timestamps
Copies files or directories
Moves files or directories. It is also used as renaming tool.
Deletes files or directories
Deletes an empty directory
Makes a link or pointer
Part 3
User and Group
Administration
Add a New User

Two Methods:
1. Graphical User Manager Tool
2. Commandline Tool
38
Add a New User
39
Add a New User

Add new users from the command-line. Start a terminal window
session (Applications -> Accessories -> Terminal) and at the
command prompt enter a command similar to the following:
useradd m user_name
# useradd m ionrivera
40
Editing the Properties of a User
The properties of a user may be changed using the same User

Manager tool used to add a user as outlined above.. Work through the
various screens in the User Properties dialog for the selected user and
click on the OK button to apply the changes.
41
Deleting User
Select the user to be deleted and click on Delete. A confirmation
dialog will appear providing the option to delete the user's home
directory and temporary files. If you wish to proceed, click on
Delete.
A user account may also be deleted from command-line using the
userdel utility:
userdel user_name
It is also possible to remove the user's home directory and
mail spool as part of the deletion process:
userdel -r user_name
42
Adding new Group

New groups are added either using the User Manager graphical tool, or
by using the groupadd command-line tool.
43
User Private Group
Linux uses a user private group ( UPG) scheme, which makes UNIX
groups easier to manage. A user private group is created whenever a
new user is added to the system.
It has the same name as the user for which it was created and that
user is the only member of the user private group.
44
Adding new Group
To add a group from the command line, use the groupadd

utility.
groupadd group_name
Option
Description
-f, --force
When used with -ggid and gid already exists, groupadd

will choose another unique gid for the group.
-ggid
Group ID for the group, which must be unique and

greater than 499.
-K, --keykey=value
Override /etc/login.defs defaults.
-o, --non-unique
Allow to create groups with duplicate.
-p, --passwordpassword
Use this encrypted password for the new group.
-r
Create a system group with a GID less than 500.
45
Modifying Group
Using Manager tool to modify groups. Select the System desktop menu
Groups from the Administration sub-menu to launch the Groups
Manager tool.
46
Modifying Group
To add an existing user to an existing group from the command-line.
usemod G group_name1 user_name
To add an existing user to a number of existing groups.
Usermod G group_name1_group_name2,group_name3 user_name
47
Deleting Group
A group may be deleted from a system using the groupdel
utility.
groupdel group_name
Note that if the group to be deleted is the primary group for any
user it cannot be deleted. The user must first be deleted, or
assigned a new primary group using the usermod command:
usermod g user_name
groupdel group_name
48
Password Expiration
To configure password expiration for a user from a shell prompt, run the
following command as root:
chage [options] username
Force immediate password expiration by running the following command
as root:
chage -d 0 username
49
Password Expiration
Option
Description
-ddays
Specifies the number of days since January 1, 1970

the password was changed.
Specifies the date on which the account is locked, in
the format YYYY-MM-DD. Instead of the date, the
number of days since January 1, 1970 can also be
used.
Specifies the number of inactive days after the
password expiration before locking the account. If
the value is 0, the account is not locked after the
password expires.
Lists current account aging settings.
Specify the minimum number of days after which the
user must change passwords. If the value is 0, the
password does not expire.
Specify the maximum number of days for which the
password is valid. When the number of days
specified by this option plus the number of days
specified with the -d option is less than the current
day, the user must change passwords before using
the account.
-Edate
-Idays
-l
-mdays
-Mdays
-Wdays
50
Shadow Password
In environments with multiple users, it is very important to use shadow
passwords provided by the shadow-utils package to enhance the
security of system authentication files. For this reason, the installation
program enables shadow passwords by default.
Shadow passwords improve system security by moving encrypted
password hashes from the world-readable /etc/passwd file to
/etc/shadow, which is readable only by the root user.
stoShadow passwords re information about password aging.
Shadow passwords allow the /etc/login.defs file to enforce security
policies.
51
Creating Groups Directories

System administrators usually create a group for each major project
and assign people to the group when they need to access that project's
files.
With this traditional scheme, file managing is difficult; when someone
creates a file, it is associated with the primary group to which they
belong. When a single person works on multiple projects, it becomes
difficult to associate the right files with the right group. However, with
the UPG scheme, groups are automatically assigned to files created
within a directory with the setgid bit set. The setgid bit makes
managing group projects that share a common directory very simple
because any files a user creates within the directory are owned by the
group which owns the directory.
52
Creating Groups Directories

Create the /var /myproject directory by typing the following at a shell
prompt:
mkdir -p /var/myproject
Add the myproject group to the system:
groupadd /var/myproject
Associate the contents of the /opt/myproject/ directory with the
myproject group:
chown root:myproject /var/myproject
Allow users to create files within the directory, and set the setgid bit:
chmod 2775 /var/myproject
At this point, all members of the myproject group can create and edit
files in the /var/myproject/ directory without the administrator
having to change file permissions every time users write new files.
53
Users Groups tools and commands

groupadd
A command to add groups.
grpck
A command to verify the /etc/group file.
groupdel
A command to remove groups.
groupmod A command to modify group membership.
pwck
A command to verify the /etc/passwd and
/etc/shadow files.
pwconv
A tool to convert standard passwords to
shadow passwords.
pwunconv A tool to convert shadow passwords to standard
passwords.
useradd
A command to add users.
userdel
A command to remove users.
usermod
A command to modify users
54
User and Groups Files
/etc/passwd
User account information.
/etc/shadow
Secure user account information.
/etc/group
Group account information.
/etc/gshadow
Secure group account information.
/etc/default/useradd
Default values for account creation.
/etc/skel/
Directory containing default files.
/etc/login.defs
Shadow password suite configuration.
55
Standard Users List

User
UID
GID
Home
Directory
root
bin
daemon
sys
adm
tty
disk
lp
mem
kmem
wheel
cdrom
sync
shutdown
halt
mail
news
uucp
operator
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
(0)
(0)
(0)
12
13
14
(0)
/root
/bin
/sbin
/var/adm
/var/spool/lpd
/sbin
/sbin
/sbin
/var/spool/mail
/var/spool/news
/var/spool/uucp
/root
56
Shell
Packages
/bin/bash
setup
/sbin/nologin
setup
/sbin/nologin
setup
/bin/bash
setup
setup
setup
setup
/sbin/nologin
setup
setup
setup
setup
udev,MAKEDEV
/bin/sync
setup
/sbin/shutdown
/sbin/halt
setup
setup
/sbin/nologin
setup
/sbin/nologin
setup
/sbin/nologin
setup
/sbin/nologin
setup
Standard Groups
Group
GID
root
bin
daemon
sys
adm
0
1
2
3
4
tty
disk
lp
6
7
mem
kmem
wheel
mail
uucp
10
12
14
man
15
games
20
gopher
30
video
39
dip
40
ftp
50
57
Members
root
root,
root,
root,
root,
bin, daemon
bin, daemon
bin, adm
adm, daemon
root
daemon, lp
root
mail, postfix
uucp
lock
54
Part 4
Linux Filesystems,
Files and Directories
59
The /etc/fstab file

Fstab is a file that contains the information about the filesystems that
will be mounted in the system.
Example content:
[root@localhost root]# cat /etc/fstab
# device name
num
/dev/mapper/
LABEL=/boot
none
LABEL=/home
none
none
/dev/hda3
60
mount point
fs-type options
dump-freq pass-
/
ext3
defaults
0 1
/boot
ext3
defaults
0 2
/dev/pts
devpts gid=5,mode=620 0 0
/home
ext3
defaults
0 2
/proc
proc
defaults
0 0
/dev/shm
tmpfs defaults
0 0
swap
swap defaults
0 0
The /etc/fstab file

Device Name
filesystem partition itself or data source.
Mount Point
filesystem.
where the data is to be attached to the
Filesystem Type -
filesystem type such as ext2, ext3, etc.
Options
mount options to be used.
Dump-freq
Normally set to
adjusts the archiving schedule for the partition.

0 (disable) since dump backup isnt used.
Pass-num
controls the order in which fsck checks the device
for errors at
boot time. The root device should
be 1. Other partitions should
be either 2 (to
check after root) or 0 (to disable checking for the
partition altogether.
61
The /etc/fstab file

Commonly used mount options:
defaults
mount the filesystem with the default settings: rw, dev,
exec, auto,
nouser, async
async
all input and output to the filesystem will be done
asynchronously.
An obsolete mounting option since existence of journalling
filesystem
types
auto
filesystem will be mounted upon bootup and with the
mount -a command
dev
interpret character or block device files on the filesystem
exec
permit execution of binaries
noauto
filesystem can only be mounted explicitly (i.e. using the
mount command)
nouser
do not allow ordinary users to mount the filesystem
ro
mount the filesystem as read-only
rw
mount the filesystem as read-write
62
Common Filesystem Types

ext2 -
developed to overcome limitation of the original ext

filesystem. It doesnt have journaling feature
ext3 ext4 -
it allows journaling
supports huge individual file size and filesystem size.

It can enable disable journaling
vfat - extended DOS filesytem

nfs - network filesystem used to access disks located on
remote computers
smb -
network filesystem that supports the SMB protocol,

used by Windows for Workgroups, Windows NT, and Lan
Manager
63
Mounting/Unmounting of Filesystems
To Mount:
$ mount t <fstype> <device> <mount point>
e.g. mount t nfs /dev/sda9 /apps
To Unmount:
$ cd /
$ umount <mount point>
e.g. umount /apps
Note: Make sure you are not working on the current mount
directory, otherwise, it would show an error device busy
while unmounting.
64
Filesystem Tools
mkfs
Syntax:
mkfs t <fstype><device>
Example:
mkfs -t ext2 /dev/sda9
fsck
Syntax:
fsck t <fstype> <device>
Example:
fsck t ext2 /dev/sda9
65
Filesystem Tools
tune2fs
Syntax:
tune2fs c <numeric> -i <string> <device>
Example:
tune2fs c 120 i 3m /dev/sda9
Where:
-c = maximum mount count
-i = interval between checks
To disable checks:
tune2fs c -1 i 0 /dev/sda9
66

Linux Command Symbols
<
Example:
sort < file1.txt
Above, sorts the content of file1.txt
>
Example:
cat file1.txt > file2.txt
Above example, displays the content of file1.txt and redirects its output
to file2.txt
>>
Example:
cat file1.txt >> file2.txt
This displays the content of file1.txt and redirects to file2.txt by
inserting it into next line.
|
67
Example:
ps fax | grep <string>| wc l
Above example, displays the output of ps based on target string and
counts its line number. Command displays the output of the last
command wc -l
68
File and Directory Manipulation

To create a directory: mkdir <directory>
To remove a directory: rm rf or rmdir <directory> (use rf to
recursively and forceably remove a directory)
To change directories: cd <directory_name>
To print current working directory: pwd
To find a file or a directory: find <source_dir> -name
<directory_name/file_name>
List contents of a directory: ls <directory_name>
ls l (lists the long format of directory
information)
$ ls -l
drwxr-xr-x4 cliff user 1024 Jun 18 09:40 dir1
-rw-r--r-- 1 cliff user 767392 Jun 6 14:28 file1
^ ^ ^ ^^^ ^ ^ ^ ^ ^
| | | | | || | | | |
| | | | | owner group size date time name
| | | | number of links to file or directory contents
| | | permissions for world
| | permissions for members of group
| permissions for owner of file: r = read, w = write, x = execute -=no

To create an empty file: touch <filename>
To edit a file:
vi <filename>
To copy files :
cpfile1 file2
cpfile(s) dirname
To rename files :
(Unix does not rename, it moves from one filename to another)
mvoldname newname
69
To move files to a different directory.

mvfile directory
mvfile(s) directory
To remove (delete) files:
rmfilename
rmfile1 file2 .. fileN
rm -ffilename- forced removal of a file
rm -ifilename- interactive query before removal
rm -rfilename- recursive delete - dangerous.
rm -rfdir(s) file(s)- recursive force - CAREFUL!!!

Viewing Files without Opening
catfilename- concatenates and print. This will print out the contents of
the file to the screen.
catfile1 .. fileN- Concatenate and print. This will concatenate several
files together and print to the screen.
morefilename- displays files one page (screen) at a time. Keeps one
line of text from the previous screen.
less filename opposite of more. Scrolling-up and down is its
advantage.
tail filename outputs the last part of the file.
tail f filename outputs appended data of a file in real-time as the file
grows.
70
tail 100 filename outputs last 100 lines of the file.

Part 3: Activity
1. Add a virtual disk into your virtual machine (e.g. 2 GB in size)
2. Format the disk with filesystem type ext3
Commands:
mkfs t ext3 <device>
mkfs.ext3 <device>
3. Mount the disk with mountpoint format (/firstname_lastname)
Command:
mount t ext3 <device> /firstname_lastname
4. Unmount the filesystem. Ran fsck to confirm if there are
inconsistencies. Add it into /etc/fstab to automatically mount during
boot-up.
Command:
umount /firstname_lastname
fsck.ext3 <device>
5. Reboot. Filesystem should be automatically mounted after reboot.
6. After reboot, create 2 directories using names, <firstname>
<lastname> into your mounted directory.
7. After creating the directories, create a file on each directory and put
a content/data into it.
71
Part 5
Help Utilities
User Password
Linux Man Pages

man
Syntax:
man [section] command-name
73
Setting an account password

passwd
Syntax:
passwd [-option] username
Options the can be used:
To lock the account
Syntax:
passwd l <username>
To unlock the account

Syntax:
passwd u <username>
To view the password status of the account

Syntax:
passwd S <username>
74
Password Aging
Enabling password aging by editing login.defs
cat /etc/login.defs
75
Password Aging
Edit the /etc/default/useradd
The INACTIVE settings indicate
when to change the account to
inactive after the password has
expired
The EXPIRE setting can set an
explicit expiration date for all new
users in the format YYYY-MM-DD
Note:
The above mention step only affect
newly created user after the
settings has been change. In order
to update existing user setting
please use chage command.
76
Password Aging
To update the settings for users
that already exist, use the chage
tool
chage -M 60 {username}
This will set username
PASS_MAX_DAYS setting to 60 days
and update the shadow file
accordingly.
How to disable password aging for

an user account
To turn off the password expiration
for an user account, set the
following:
-m 0 will set the minimum
number of days between password
change to 0
-M 99999 will set the maximum
number of days between password
change to 99999
-I -1 (number minus one) will set
the Password inactive to never
-E -1 (number minus one) will set
Account expires to never.
77
Part 6
Sudo
SUDO
Why we need to use sudo
- Elevate user privileges
- Execute commands from another user
- Logging logs sudo executed commands
79
SUDO
How to execute sudo
sudo su sudo system-config-network
sudo reboot
80
SUDO
Edit /etc/sudoers file
vi /etc/sudoers
-edit manually the /etc/sudoers file
visudo
- vi environment
- checks if there syntax error
Sample checking:
visudo
>>> /etc/sudoers: syntax error near line 22 <<<
What now?
81
SUDO

Defining Command Alias
Cmnd_Alias ALIAS_NAME = command1 command2
Examples:
Cmnd_Alias SOFTWARE = /bin/rpm, /usr/bin/up2date,
/usr/bin/yum
Cmnd_Alias LOCATE = /usr/bin/updatedb
Cmnd_Alias MYCOMMAND = /sbin/reboot, /sbin/ifconfig
82
SUDO
Defining User Alias
User_Alias ALIAS_NAME = user1, user2
Examples:
##
user
User_Alias
User_Alias
User_Alias
83
MACHINE=COMMANDS
FULLTIMERS = millert, mikef, dowdy
PARTIMERS = ed, edd, eddy
OLDTIMERS = michael, jackson
SUDO

Defining Run as Alias
Runas_Alias ALIAS_NAME = user1, user2
Examples:
Runas_Alias OP = operator
Runas_Alias DB = oradb, sysbase
84
SUDO
Defining Host Alias
Host_Alias ALIAS_NAME = host1, host2
Examples:
Host_Alias SPARC = sun10, sparcstation10
Host_Alias LINUX = rhel6, rhel5, rhel4
Host_Alias
NFS = nfssrv1, nfssrv2
85
SUDO

Defining Main Part
USER HOST = (RUNAS) COMMANDS
User_Alias Host_Alias = Cmnd_Alias NOPASSWD:/PASSWD:
Examples:
SYS ALL = SOFTWARE, LOCATE, MYCOMMAND
FULLTIMERS NFS = (OP) /bin/vi
86
SUDO
Example /etc/sudoers file

s udoers .txt
87
Part 7
File Permissions
and Access
File Permissions and Access

Access to files is dependent on a users identification
and the permissions associated with a file.
Types of Access
Read
files:
contents can be examined
directories: contents can be examined
Write
files:
contents can be changed
directories: contents can be changed
Execute
files:
files can be used as a command
directories: can become current working
directory
89
90

chmod
touch
umask
chown
chgrp
su
newgrp
91
Change the file access

Update timestamp on file or create a new file
Change default file access
Change the owner of a file
Change the group of a file
Switch your user identifier
Switch your group identifier

chmod Change Permission of a file
Syntax:
chmod mode_list file
(s)
Change permissions of the file
Values
r
w
x
Read permission
Write permission
Execute permission
read 4
write 2
execute 1
Example:
chmod 777 f1
92

Symbolic
Method:
Set 1
Set 2
Set 3
u = user
+ = add
r =read
g = group
- = remove
w = write
o = others
= = set
x = execute
a = all
93
Octal Method:
rwxrwxrwx = complete file permission
rwx||rwx||rwx
3 sets of rwx:
Set 1 is the permission for user owner
Set 2 is the permission for the group owner
Set 3 is the permission for others
94
Octal Method:
Octal values:
R=4
w=2
x=1
If a file has a permission of rwxr-xr-x, the octal value

of the permission is ________.
95

Update timestamp on file or create a new file
Syntax:
touch [-amc] file
Example:
touch newfile
-a Change the access time to time
-m Change the modify time to time
-c If the file does not exist, do not create it
Note: touch command allows you to create a new, empty file. If
the file already exists, it will update the timestamp on the
file
96

umask - Permission Mask
Syntax:
umask [-S] [mode]
Example:
umask S
umask 072
Note: the mask that you designate will only be active in
your session, once you log out, it will revert back to the
default mask
97

chown Change File Ownership
Syntax:
chown owner [:group] filename
Example:
chown user2 /tmp/user2/f1
Note: Only the owner of a file (or root) can change the
ownership of the file
98

chgrp
Syntax:
chgrp newgroup filename
Example:
chgrp sys testfile
Note: Only the owner of a file (or root) can change the group
identifier associated of the file
99

chg Creating a shareable directoryrp
Syntax:
chmod g+rws testdir
Example:
chgrp groupshare testdir
Note: All users with the groupshare will be able to
write/change files within the testdir directory

su Switch User ID
Syntax:
su [username]
Example:
su ai9378

1. Change the file permission of myfile to make it rw-r-xr-2. Update the timestamp of testfile to the current time.
3. Change your permission masking in a way that when you
execute umask S, the result will be u=rwx,g=r,o=r
Part 7
ACL
ACL
OVERVIEW
- Why ACLs
- Types of ACL entries
- Enable ACL
- Viewing ACLs
- Applying ACLs
ACL
Why ACLs
- File owner controls permission
- Want to give specific user or group ability to
access to files and directories
ACL
Types of ACL Entries
Entry type
Owner
Named user
Owning group
Named group
Mask
Others
Text form
user::rwx
user:name:rwx
group::rwx
group:name:rwx
mask::rwx
other::rwx
ACL
Enable acl on filesystem
Set acl on filesystem
mount o acl
/dev/<device> /<mountpoint>
For persistent configurations(survive a reboot)

vi /etc/fstab
/dev/<device>
/<mountpoint> ext4 acl 1
1
ACL
View acl status - getfacl

- User utility to examine the ACL on a particular file
- Examines a files inode to detemine what
permissions are set
getfacl <file> / <directory>
# getfacl 123.txt
# file: 123.txt
# owner: root
# group: root
user::rwgroup::r-other::r-108 Copyright 2012 Hewlett-Packard Development Company, L.P. The information contained herein is subject to change without notice.
ACL
Set ACL on file / directory - setfacl
- User command utility to set, modify, or delete ACLs
on a file
- Can be ran by file owner or anyone given permission
to modify permissions
# setfacl m u:root:rwx file
Where:
-m
- modify
u
type of acl(user)
root name of the user
rwx type of permission(read only,write and
execute)
ACL
Examples:
setfacl
setfacl
setfacl
setfacl
s
m
u
d
u:alice:+rx:i myFile
o::drwx myFile
myFile
u:alice myFile
Part 8
Linux Networking
Ping
Uses the ICMP protocols mandatory

ECHO_REQUEST datagram to elicit
an ICMP ECHO_RESPONSE from a
host or gateway.
#ping <IP>
or
#ping <FQDN>
Traceroute
Tracks the route packets take

across an IP network on their way
to a given host. It utilizes the IP
protocols time to live (TTL) field
and attempts to elicit an ICMP
TIME_EXEEDED reponses from each
gateway along the path to the host
#traceroute <FQDN>
#traceroute <IP>
Ifconfig
Is used to configure the kernelresident network interfaces. It is

used at boot time to set up the
interface as necessary. If no
arguments are given, ifconfig
displays the status of the currently
active interfaces. If a single
interface argument is given, it
displays the status of the given
interface only.
Ifconfig
# ifconfig
check the property of a single
network interface.
#ifconfig eth0
assign an ip on the fly
# ifconfig <IP> <netmask>
<device>
Route
Manipulate the kernels IP routing

table. Its primary use is to set up
static routes to specific hosts or
networks via an interface after it
has been configured with ifconfig
Route
Adds a route to the network

192.56.76.x via eth0
# route add net 192.56.76.0
netmask 255.255.255.0 dev eth0
check the currently routing table
#route -n
Netstat
Print network connections, routing

tables, interface statistics,
masquerade connections and
multicast membership
display all tcp connections with its
associated program
#netstat -tap
Ethtool
Query or control network driver and

hardware settings.
Check the interface property.
# ethtool <deviceName>
Thank you

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Commonly used UNIIX/Linux

[joseph@localhost ~]$ alias la=ls a

Accesing Virtual Terminals

Checking Server informations

Display system disk space

Estimates file space usage

List pci devices (Processor, VGA controller, audio device, SATA,

Moving around the filesystem

prints the present working directory

lists the contents of the directory

changes the working directory

The .. - will go one level up in the file system

File viewing and manipulation

Add a New User

Add a New User

Add a New User

Editing the Properties of a User

The properties of a user may be changed using the same User

Adding new Group

User Private Group

Adding new Group

To add a group from the command line, use the groupadd

When used with -ggid and gid already exists, groupadd

Group ID for the group, which must be unique and

Override /etc/login.defs defaults.

Allow to create groups with duplicate.

Use this encrypted password for the new group.

Create a system group with a GID less than 500.

Specifies the number of days since January 1, 1970

Creating Groups Directories

Creating Groups Directories

Users Groups tools and commands

User and Groups Files

Standard Users List

The /etc/fstab file

The /etc/fstab file

filesystem partition itself or data source.

where the data is to be attached to the

filesystem type such as ext2, ext3, etc.

mount options to be used.

adjusts the archiving schedule for the partition.

The /etc/fstab file

Common Filesystem Types

developed to overcome limitation of the original ext

supports huge individual file size and filesystem size.

vfat - extended DOS filesytem

network filesystem that supports the SMB protocol,

Files and Directories

Files and Directories

File and Directory Manipulation

Files and Directories

To move files to a different directory.

Files and Directories

tail 100 filename outputs last 100 lines of the file.

Linux Man Pages

Setting an account password

To unlock the account

To view the password status of the account

How to disable password aging for

Edit /etc/sudoers file

Edit /etc/sudoers file

Edit /etc/sudoers file