A&S Public-Basic Training On SS7 Signaling Fundamentals V1.5

Internal
OSS - Basic Training on

SS7 Signaling Fundamentals
ISSUE 1.5
HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES CO., LTD.
www.huawei.com
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The signaling system is like human beings
nervous system. It is indispensable for any

communication network, coordinating the
terminal, switch system and transmission
system, creating temporary communication
channel among specified terminals and
maintaining the network.
NO7 signaling is the most widely used
signaling system at present.
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After this course, you are expected to:
Master the concepts of NO7 signaling and

signaling network
Master how the NO7 signaling controls the call
Master how the NO7 is realized on CC08
system
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Chapter 1 Overview of NO7 signaling system

Chapter 2 Message Transfer Part
Chapter 3 Telephone User/ISDN User Part
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Definition of the Signaling

All control signals used to establish communication within the
communication device or among the communication devices;

Bearing signals other than the information (voice information or
non-voice information), used to control the running of switches.
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Classification of the Signaling: Based on the Working

Area
Subscriber line signaling: between the subscriber and the
switch;
Inter-office signaling: between the switches
Switch
Switch
Subscriber line
signaling
Inter-office signaling
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Subscriber line
signaling
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Classification of the Signaling: Based on the

Signaling Channel
Switch
device
The signaling message is

borne by the speech
channel
Signaling
device
Switch
device
Signaling
device
a. CAS (Channel Associated Signaling):

CAS consists of the line signaling and register signaling. For CAS, the
signaling channel and bearer channel are combined (for the register
signaling) or the signaling channel and bearer channel have a fixed
association (for the line signaling).
Channel Associated Signaling

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Classification of the Signaling: Based on the

Signaling Channel
Switch
device
Switch
device
Speech channel
Signaling
device
Signaling
device
A dedicated channel for

transmitting signaling
b. CCS (Common Channel Signaling):

A group of speech channel signaling is transmitted on the common high-speed
data link in the time division multiplex (TDM) manner.
Common Channel Signaling
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Comparison Between CAS and CCS

1) CAS
Multi-band signaling, small information capacity
Compelled receiving and sending, low speed
No signaling channel during the conversation
2) CCS
Packet data signaling, large information capacity
No compelled mechanism, high speed
Independent signaling data link; the signaling can be transmitted
during the conversation
Wide application, convenient for future development
Low bit error rate is required
Continuity test for the bill channel is required
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Definition of NO7 Signaling Network

The NO7 signaling link is independent of the speech channel. These
signaling links form a dedicated network for transmitting signaling.

This network is called NO7 signaling network.
The NO7 signaling network is a kind of multifunctional supporting
network and can be used for the telephone network, circuit-switched

data network, ISDN network, intelligent network and so on.
Basically, the NO7 signaling network is a dedicated packet switched
network.
Signaling System No.7 typical CCS signaling
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Existing NO7 Signaling Network

Three supporting networks (compared with the service network):
NO7 signaling network

Synchronization network
Telecommunication management network (TMN)
Existing NO7 signaling network
International network, international standby network, national

network, national standby network
In the NO7 signaling, each message has an NI (network instruction)
domain which instructs on which of the four networks this message
should work.
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Three Elements of the NO7 Signaling Network

The NO7 signaling network consists of
three elements: signaling point (SP),

signaling transfer point (STP) and signaling
link (SL).
As shown in the diagram on the right, in
the NO7 signaling network, SP is indicated

by a ring; STP is indicated by a square; the
link is indicated by a broken line; the
speech channel is indicated by a real line.
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1) Signaling point (SP)
The signaling point is the start point and end point of the NO7 signaling
message.
In each signaling network, the signaling point has a unique SPC (24 bits).
The signaling point codes (SPC) are distributed to the four signaling networks
separately. NI+SPC is the unique ID for an SP.
Note: In the data setting, we usually use the hexadecimal to describe
the SPC. In the following example, the SPC is indicated by the binary
system and hexadecimal respectively.
SPC (binary system)
SPC (hexadecimal)
0000 0000 0000 0000 1011 0101
0000b5
0000 0000 0010 0011 1101 0111
0023d7
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OPC and DPC (I)

DPC: Destination (signaling) Point Code
OPC: Originating signaling Point Code
The message from one SP to another SP must contain the originating
signaling point code (OPC) and the destination signaling point code
(DPC).
If we compare sending a message to delivering a letter, OPC and DPC are
equivalent to the senders address and the receivers address respectively.
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2) STP (Signaling Transfer Point)
STP is the network node for transferring NO7 signaling messages.
3) Signaling Link
The signaling link is the data link for connecting the nodes (SP and STP).
In the NO7 signaling network, it is the digital link of 64Kbps.
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Operation Mode of the NO7 Signaling Network

The operation mode refers to the relationship between the
signaling link sending signaling messages and the speech
channel associated with this message.
Currently, there are two modes:
1) Association mode
Messages of two adjacent SPs are transmitted on the link set
connecting the two SPs, that is, the link and the speech channel
are parallel.
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Operation Mode of the NO7 Signaling Network

2) Quasi-Association mode
Under this mode, the message to an SP must be transmitted through a
predefined route passing one or more STPs.
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Link Route (All Transfer Through STP)
Note: The arrow indicates the signaling
message path. Usually, the signaling channel

starts at one end of the speech channel which
it serves and ends at the other end of the
speech channel.
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Link Route (Partly Transfer Through STP)
Note: The ultimate purpose of using the signaling is to serve the speech
channel.
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OPC and DPC (II)

In the following two figures, what are the DPC and OPC of the
message respectively?
Tandem office
SPB
SPA
MSU1
OPC=?
DPC=?
MSU2
OPC=?
DPC=?
: Speech channel
: Signaling link
SPC
SPA
(a)
STPB
MSU1
OPC=?
DPC=?
MSU2
OPC=?
DPC=?
(b)
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SPC
OPC and DPC(II)

Answer:
Tandem office
SPB
SPA
MSU1
OPC=A
DPC=B
MSU2
OPC=B
DPC=C
: Speech channel
: Signaling link
SPC
SPA
(a)
STPB
MSU
OPC=A
DPC=C
MSU
OPC=A
DPC=C
SPC
(b)
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Structure of No.7 Signaling System
Broadband IP part
TDM narrowband part

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Common No.7 signaling system mainly falls into two parts: user part and
message transfer part.

The public message transfer part provides reliable transfer of the signaling
message for users functions. SS7 message can be transmitted on the
narrowband TDM transport network (that is, MTP) or it can be transmitted
on the broadband IP network (In this case, SS7 uses the protocol
SIGTRAN).
The independent user part applies to different users. It is the functional
entity for realizing message transfer of the message transfer part and is
used to realize various call services.
Signaling System No.7

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The structure of No.7 signaling system can be divided into two parts based
on functions: message transfer part (MTP) and user part (UP).
1) MTP
MTP supports rich messages of the user part to reach the required
destination through the signaling network. In addition, MTP can also process
the network or system faults which affect the signaling message transfer.
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2) UP
The user part refers to the user of MTP. It
includes TUP (telephone user part), ISUP
(ISDN user part) and so on.
In the following, we will focus on explaining the
TUP. TUP is used to send inter-office control
signals related to the telephone calls to MTP
and receive the inter-office control signals
related to the telephone calls from MTP in the
conversation. The figure on the right describes
the relationship between UP and MTP.
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Three-Layer Structure of MTP

MTP is divided into three layers:
The first layer signaling data link; the second layer signaling
link; the third layer signaling network. The three layers of MTP
are similar to the first three layers of OSI model.
The first layer: signaling data link

The signaling data link is a bidirectional transmission channel of a
signaling. It consists of two data channels simultaneously working in

opposite directions at the same rate. It is the bottom layer (the first
layer) of No.7 signaling function layer.
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Layer 2: signaling link
The second layer provides signal unit delimitation, signal unit
alignment, error detection, error correction, initial alignment, signaling

link error monitoring, flow control and so on. It works together with the
first layer to ensure reliable transmission of the messages between
two adjacent signaling points.
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Layer 3: signaling network
Functions of the third layer include signaling message processing and
signaling network management. In the message transfer, the signaling

message processing function sends the message to correct link or user
part; when a fault occurs, the network management function realizes
regrouping of the signaling network; when a congestion occurs, the
network management function performs the traffic control of the network
layer to ensure reliable transmission of the signaling in extreme cases.
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Four-Layer Structure of No.7 Signaling System

SP A
L4
User part
SP B
Logical
channel
User part
Message
distribution
L3
Signaling network
Logical
channell
Signaling network
Message
distribution
L2
L1
Signaling link
Signaling data link
Message
routing
Logical
channel
Signaling link
Physical
channel
Signaling data link
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No.7 Signaling System Applied in C&C08

AM/CM
SM
SM
OPT
MPU
LPN7
OPT
Layer 4
Layer 3
MPU
Layer 2
BNET
DT
Layer 1
LINKS
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Layer 4
Definition of No.7 Signaling Unit
In the No.7 signaling system, the signaling

unit is the minimum unit used to bear
various signaling messages.
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Classification of Signaling Units Based on the Message

Source
1. MSU (message signaling unit)
It is used to send signaling messages from the layer 4 and signaling network
management messages from the layer 3.
2. LSSU (link status signaling unit)
LSSU is generated and received on the layer 2. It does not bear specific signaling
messages. When the link is put in use or is faulty, it is used to verify the link status so as
to establish or recover signaling links.
3. FISU (Fill-In Signal Unit)
FISU is generated and received on the layer 3. When the link is idle or congested, it is
used to fill in the vacancy to keep the link in communication status. Sometimes it is also
used to verify messages sent from the opposite end.
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Important Domains in MSU CIC, SLC

CIC: circuit identification code (12 bits)
SLC: signaling link code (4 bits)
There are multiple circuits between two SPs (One timeslot is one
circuit). To distinguish the circuits, we should give each circuit a CIC.

The CIC is unique in each office direction, 12bit. So each office
direction may have 212-4096 circuits and the value of CIC ranges
between 0 and 4095.
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Important Domain in TUP MSU CIC, SLC
Relationship between CIC and E1:

For E1, the lower five bits of CIC indicate PCM timeslot and the
upper seven bits of CIC indicate PCM system number.
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Important Domain in TUP MSC -- CIC, SLC

Similar to CIC, if there are multiple links connecting two adjacent
signaling points, we should give each link a code to distinguish

them, that is, SLC. So, the SLC for each office direction is unique.
The SLC is of four bits, so each office direction can have 16 links
at most and the value ranges between 0 and 15.
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Contention
Different from channel associated signaling (CAS), NO7 signaling often uses
bidirectional trunks. So the possibility for two offices to choose a same circuit
increases. This phenomenon is called contention.
To prevent contention, for each circuit, we give one office the primary control
rights and give the other office non-primary control rights or secondary control
rights.
Usually, we distribute the primary control rights based on CIC number of the
circuit. For the circuit with even CIC number, we distribute the primary control
rights to the office with larger SPC (signaling point code); for the circuit with odd
CIC number, we distribute the primary control rights to the office with smaller
SPC.
The following is the instance of distributing CIC and the primary control rights.
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Contention
SP A
SPC=0002
0
1
2
SP B
SPC=0001
primary control
secondary control
primary control
secondary control
primary control
secondary control
2n
primary control
2n+1 secondary control
primary control 2n
secondary control 2n+1
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0
1
2
Contention
The principle for avoiding contention:
When an outgoing call is initiated at local office, it is the circuit with

primary control rights that is occupied; when all the circuits with
primary control rights are busy, it is the circuits with secondary
control rights that are occupied.
When the circuits with secondary control rights are chosen,
contention is possible again. At this time, choose different circuit
selection modes for different circuits. For the circuits which are
primarily controlled by local switch, use FIFO mode, that is,
choose the circuit with the longest idle time; otherwise, use LIFO
mode, that is, choose the circuit with the shortest idle time. In this
way, most contention risks can be avoided.
To be continued...
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Contention
The principle for avoiding contention:
In particular cases, only one idle circuit is found available from both
sides. So if the two sides attempt to occupy this circuit at the same
time, contention may occur again. In this case, the side without
primary control rights should give up.
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Review
Case 1: In an onsite deployment, NO7 signaling is used to
interconnect with the opposite end office. The straight link is

used and we plan to open two LINKs, 320 speech channels.
Question 1: What data need be negotiated for the signaling?
Question 2: What data need be negotiated for the speech
channel?
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Message Transfer Part

The message transfer part contains three parts:
Signaling data link function MTP-1

Signaling link function MTP-2
Signaling network function MTP-3
MTP -3
MTP -2
MTP -1
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1. Signaling Data Link Function

Description
The signaling data link is a bidirectional transmission channel of a
signaling. It consists of two data channels simultaneously working in

opposite directions at the same rate. It is the bottom function layer of
No.7 signaling system.
Signaling bit rate
The standard bit rate of digital information carrier is 64kbit/s.
The signaling data link can also be used for the analog transmission
link of low rate.

The lowest signaling bit rate for the telephone call control application is
4.8kbit/s.
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1. Signaling Data Link Function

Realization
In digital environment, we usually use the digital channel of 64Kbit/s.
That is, we can use any timeslot in PCM system as the signaling data
link.
Advantage: Easily realize automatic redistribution of the data channel
and signaling terminal.

Digital path
Signaling
terminal
Semi-permanent
connection
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2. Signaling Link Function

The signaling link function and signaling data link provide a signaling
link for reliable transfer of signaling messages between two directly

connected signaling points.
The signaling link function contains: signal unit delimitation, signal unit
alignment, error detection, error correction, initial alignment, signaling

link error monitoring and flow control.
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2. Signaling Link Function (Continued)

Signal unit alignment and delimitation
From the signaling message format, we can find that each

message starts and ends with F field. The signaling link level
separates each message sequence by this flag and inserts this flag
for each message at the originating terminal.
Error detection
CK data provides the check processing information, using 16-bit

cyclic redundancy check (CRC).
Error correction
Basic error correction method and preventive cyclic retransmission

(error control) method
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2. Signaling Link Function (Continued)

Initial alignment
Initial alignment must be performed after the power-on of links or

the fault recovery. The message can be sent only after the
alignment.
Flow control
When MTP-2 finds the link is congested, it regularly sends SIB

busy information to the opposite end. After the opposite end
receives the message, it stops sending MSU to the link but sends
FISU only. After the link is unblocked, it sends MSU.
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3. Signaling Network Function

The signaling network function contains two parts:
Signaling message processing and signaling network management

Signaling message processing function: to ensure that the signaling
message sent from a user part of the SP can be sent to the required
user part of the destination.
Signaling network management function: to regroup the signaling
network when a fault occurs and control traffic in the congestion.
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3. Signaling Network Function (Continued)

The signaling message processing function can be divided into:
Message routing function, message discrimination function

and message distribution function
Distribution
Discrimination
MTP
2
User
part
Routing
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3. Signaling Network Function (Continued)

The signaling network management function contains:
Signaling traffic management function

Transfer the signaling traffic from one link or route to multiple
different links or routes, start another SP or slow down the
signaling traffic when the SP is congested.
Signaling link management
Recover faulty signaling links, connect idle links and disconnect
links.
Signaling route management
Distribute information about the signaling network status.
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Review
How many layers is the signaling message transfer
part divided into?

What is the ultimate function of the signaling
message transfer part?
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Telephone User Part/ISUP User Part

Two kinds of signaling types:
Telephone user part: TUP
Telephone user part: ISUP
Telephone user part, just as its name implies, is a protocol providing services
for plain old telephone services.
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TUP-----Common Messages
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A Successful Call Process
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Process for the Receiving End to Request Calling

Numbers
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Telephone User Part/ISUP User Part

Two kinds of signaling types:
Telephone user part: TUP
Telephone user part: ISUP

ISUP defines the circuit switch service control in the integrated services
digital network (ISDN), including the signaling message, function and
process required by voice services (such as telephone) and non-voice
services (such as circuit switch data communication) control.
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ISUP Message Format

8
16
8n(n>1)
CK
SIF
SIO
x5
7
8
6 1 7 1
F
B
LI I FSN I BSN F
B
B
ISUP
Signaling
information
Message
type
Bits sent first
CIC OPC DPC
F: Signal unit delimiter

LI: Length indicator
SIO: Service indicator
SIF: Signaling message
FSN: Forward serial No.
FIB: Forward Indicator Bit
CK: Check bit

DPC: Destination (signaling) Point Code
OPC: Originating signaling Point Code
CIC: Circuit Identification Code
BSN: Backward Sequence Number
BIB: Backward Indicator Bit
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SIO
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ISUP Message Structure
Route selection code
Public part
Circuit selection code

Message type
Essential fixed length parameter (F)
Essential variable length parameter pointer (1)
Essential variable length parameter pointer (2)
Optional parameter pointer
Private part
Essential variable parameter 1

Essential variable parameter 2
Optional parameter
Optional parameter field end
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Initial Address Message (IAM) Structure and Parameter

Parameter
Type
Message type
Nature of connection indicator
Forward call indicator
Calling party type
Transmission medium request
Called user number
4-11
Transit network selection
4-?
Calling user number
4-12
Optional forward call indicator
Redirecting number
4-12
Redirecting message
3-4
Closed user group interlock code O
Length (octet)
F ------ mandatory
fixed part;
V ------- mandatory
variable part;
O -------optional part
Original called number

User to user information
4-12
3-131
Access transfer
3-?
User services information
4-13
Note:
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Initial Address Message (IAM) Structure and Parameter

Parameter
Type
Length (octet)
User to user indicator
Universal number
5-13
Time measurement counter
User services information
4-13
Network private performance
4-
Universal number
Originating ISC code
Teleservice information
Parameter compatibility information

O
4-
Universal notice
Universal reference
5-
Transmission medium requirement
Location number
Optional parameter number
5-12
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IAM Structure
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REL Message Structure and Parameters

Parameter
Type
Length (octet)
Message type
Cause indicator
3-
Redirecting message
3-4
Redirecting number
5-12
Access transfer
3-
SP code
User to user information
Automatic congestion level
Network private performance
4-
Parameter compatibility information
4-
Redirecting number restriction
User to user indicator
Optional parameter end
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3-131
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REL Message Structure
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Normal Call Flow of ISUP

Office B
Office A
IAM
INR
INF
ACM
ANM
Conversation
REL
RLC
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ISUP Call Failure Process
Office A
Office B
IAM
SAM
REL The user is busy; non-existing
number and so on
RLC
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ISUP and TUP Interworking Process

TUP/ISUP
TUP
IAM
ISUP
IAM
SAO
SAM
SAM
ACM
ACM
ANM
ANM
conversation
conversation
REL
CBK
CLF
RLC
RLG
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Comparison Between ISUP and TUP

Compared with TUP, ISUP has the following features:
(1) The message structure is flexible. The message quantity is less than that of TUP, but
the message contents are very rich and can meet future requirements; optional
parameters are brought into the message while in TUP, one message can generally
have one meaning; some messages such as IAM can carry certain parameters and
IAI can carry some variable parameters; the parameter structure is fixed, too;
(2) It can support various circuit switch voice services and non-voice services, including
wide ISDN supplementary services;
(3) It has many enhanced functions, especially end to end signaling, and can realize
small transparent transmission among ISDN users;
(4) TUP is mainly intended for international network applications while ISUP is intended
for the international network and domestic network at the very beginning, so sufficient
space is left for the coding;
Besides basic bearer services, ISUP also supports the following supplementary services:
(1) Calling line identification (provision and restriction);
(2) Call transfer;
(3) Closed user group;
(4) Direct dialing-in;
(5) User to user signaling
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Review
Case 1: Two offices are connected by NO7 signaling. The
office A calls a user in office B. The called party answers and

converses with the caller, and then the caller hangs up.
Question 1: Draw the signaling interaction process for this call.
Question 2: In which signaling the calling number and the
called number can be seen?
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Review
Question 1: Prepare a schematic drawing for links and speech
channels between two office directions directly connected by

the signaling link, marking OPC/DPC and so on.
Question 2: Draw the signaling process for a typical call and
describe the call process in brief.
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Thank You
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Internal

OSS - Basic Training on

HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES CO., LTD.

All rights reserved

The signaling system is like human beings

nervous system. It is indispensable for any

signaling system at present.

HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES CO., LTD.

All rights reserved

After this course, you are expected to:

Master the concepts of NO7 signaling and

HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES CO., LTD.

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Chapter 1 Overview of NO7 signaling system

HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES CO., LTD.

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Definition of the Signaling

communication device or among the communication devices;

non-voice information), used to control the running of switches.

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Classification of the Signaling: Based on the Working

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Classification of the Signaling: Based on the

The signaling message is

a. CAS (Channel Associated Signaling):

Channel Associated Signaling

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Classification of the Signaling: Based on the

A dedicated channel for

b. CCS (Common Channel Signaling):

Common Channel Signaling

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Comparison Between CAS and CCS

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Definition of NO7 Signaling Network

signaling links form a dedicated network for transmitting signaling.

network and can be used for the telephone network, circuit-switched

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Existing NO7 Signaling Network

NO7 signaling network

International network, international standby network, national

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Three Elements of the NO7 Signaling Network

three elements: signaling point (SP),

the NO7 signaling network, SP is indicated

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Three Elements of the NO7 Signaling Network

0000 0000 0000 0000 1011 0101

0000 0000 0010 0011 1101 0111

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OPC and DPC (I)

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Three Elements of the NO7 Signaling Network

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Operation Mode of the NO7 Signaling Network