Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Techniques in Microgrids
Operation
Presented by Osama Hamdy, Bassem Saleh and Omar Elattar
Introduction
Contents:
Why Microgrids?
Microgrid Construction
- Distribution Generation: CHP, Distributed storage
- PCC
Microgrids Mode of Operation
Microgrids Protection: Challenges and Solutions
Microgrids
Traditional
power
system
Why microgrids ?
Environmental friendly
Reducing load on transmission line
Increasing reliability of overall
system
Plug and Play functionality
Cost efficient
Microgrid construction
Microgrid
Microsource
s
Distributed
generation
Point of
common
coupling
Distributed
storage
Control
system
PV cells
Wind
turbines
Fuel cells
DG
Combined
heat and
power
Microturbin
-es
Microturbines
Compact size
Small number of moving
parts
High efficiency (80%)
Ability to utilize waste
Light weight
Fuel cells
http://americanhistory.si.edu/fuelcells/basics.htm
Batteries
D
S
Flywheel
Supercapac
itors
islanded
mode
microgrid
s
gridconnected
mode
Protection of microgrids
Fault
current
limitation
Protection
challenges
bidirectiona
l power flow
Voltage
Distance
based
protection
protection
Differential
adaptive
protection
protecion
Al-Nasseri, H., M. A. Redfern, and R. O'Gorman. "Protecting micro-grid systems containing solid-state converter generation."
2005 international conference on future power systems. IEEE, 2005.
https://certs.lbl.gov/initiatives/certs-microgrid-test-bed
Nikkhajoei, Hassan, and Robert H. Lasseter. "Microgrid fault protection based on symmetrical and differential current
components." Power System Engineering Research Center (2006): 71-74.
ABB RED670
Microgrid Control
Contents:
Control challenges: Grid-connected Islanded
Control Strategies
Control Architecture
Control Components
Practical Considerations: MGCC, Metering and Islanded
system
Decentralized vs Centralized Control
Control techniques Classification
No Hierarchy
Plug-and-play capability
No communication
MGCC
Microsource controller
Load controller
GC: Commands
of power share
IS: Operating V
& F values,
load shedding
Implemented
in the MGCC
Local
Control
GC:
Synchronizatio
n
IS: Supply =
Demand,
correct load
share
Faster, more
reliable ,
Decentralized
(recom)
Control Components
MGCC
MC
DMS
Coordination
between MCs
Interface with
any actor
DER Control
Separate or
embedded in
EM
DSO-ESCOMicrogrid
operator
Platform in
MGCC required
Model
Model
Features
Features
Communication
Communication
Manufacturer
independent
Flexible, can be
developed using
MATLAB
Diesel, PV, Wind
Model
Components
By Schneider
VILLASOL/VILLASMART
2kW to 24kW AC Micro
Grid solution for
electrification of offgrid
24 V battery bank
MPPT Charge Controller
Advanced three stage
battery
Protection against short
circuit, over current, over
voltage and lightning
Example:
PMU
Products
Two-way
communication
Phasor
measurement
PowerLogic
ION7550 by
Schneider
RMS Values,
Positive
sequence,
Frequency,
ROCOF
RES670 by ABB
Decentralized Mode
MCs take the tasks of MGCC
No Communication needed
Selection of mode
of control
Goal of the
control
Available
Resources
Communications
requirements
Droop-based
methods
Technical Background
Contents:
Load Sharing
Definition
Active Power Sharing
Reactive Power Sharing
Inverters
VSI vs CSI
Park-Clarke Transformation
Load Sharing
Definition:
Its the proportional division of total load active and reactive power among the
generating units to prevent overloading and stability problems.
Load Sharing
depends on speed control and fuel rate control between generating units.
Inverters
Definition
VSI
CSI
Park-Clarke Transformation
Introduction:
Well-known transformations:
Clarke transformation
Park transformation
Park-Clarke Transformation
Clarke Transformation:
Park Transformation:
Microgrid Control
Techniques
Contents:
PQ inverter control:
Concept
Current regulation
Voltage regulation
VSC inverter control:
Conventional droop control
Modified droop control
PQ inverter control
Concept:
Used in grid connected mode only
Active and reactive inverter power based on certain
set-point for load sharing.
Voltage and frequency are according to main grid
Set-point values are based on: MPPT, max system
efficiency or from energy manager
PQ inverter control
+
Then power balance will be:
PQ inverter control
Conclusion:
The active power is controlled using d-axis control variable while the reactive
power is controlled using q-axis control variable.
PQ inverter control
Here, we use d-q frame currents to control active and reactive power
PQ inverter control
Control system generates a signal whose phase is matched to the input signal
PQ inverter control
Current Controller:
Its role
PQ inverter control
Consider
the three phase system:
Cross-coupling terms
PQ inverter control
Decoupling methods:
Feedforward method
Feedback method
PQ inverter control
PQ inverter control
PQ inverter control
another point of view, voltage regulation has an advantage that its similar to
the droop technique which is used in islanded mode of Microgrid; And this will
lead to smooth transients during operation transitions between grid
connected mode and islanded mode.
VF droop Control
Using Euler:
VF droop Control
For
high voltage transmission
lines:
If delta is small:
= 0 Kp x (P P0)
V = V0 Kv x (Q Q0)
For
LV lines:
Simple
Common load
Ease of mode switch
Overall System
Main Grid
Active Generator
model
Shared Load
C Link
3 Inverter
LC Filter
Transformer
DC source
Breaker
PLL
Measurements
Current Controller
PWM Generation
PLL Measurements
Phase angle
Per
unit
gain
Future work
Integration of Renewable Energy Sources
Work in islanded mode of operation
Use large number of DGs and include special
models for: batteries, microgenerators.