Professional Documents
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Computer Architecture
Lecture 2: Fundamental
Concepts and ISA
Prof. Onur Mutlu
Carnegie Mellon University
Spring 2013, 1/16/2013
Homework 1
idea
> 50% performance improvement per year has enabled this innovation
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Power/energy constraints
Complexity of design multi-core?
Difficulties in technology scaling new technologies?
Memory wall/gap
Reliability wall/issues
Programmability wall/problem
User
Runtime System
(VM, OS, MM)
ISA
Microarchitecture
Logic
Circuits
Electrons
No clear, definitive answers
to these problems
12
13
but, first
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Fundamental Concepts
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What is A Computer?
Computation
Communication
Storage (memory)
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What is A Computer?
Processing
control
(sequencing)
Memory
(program
and data)
I/O
datapath
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Stored program
Stored program
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PROCESSING UNIT
INPUT
OUTPUT
ALU
TEMP
CONTROL UNIT
IP
Inst Register
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v <= a + b;
w <= b * 2;
x <= v - w
y <= v + w
z <= x * y
*2
Sequential
*
Dataflow
z
Which model is more natural to you as a programmer?
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23
24
OUT
25
28
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ISA
Algorithm
Program
What the software writer needs to know
to write and debug system/user programs ISA
Microarchitecture
Problem
Microarchitecture
Circuits
Electrons
Microprocessor
Bit serial, ripple carry, carry lookahead adders are all part of
microarchitecture
Few ISAs (x86, ARM, SPARC, MIPS, Alpha) but many uarchs
Why?
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ISA
Instructions
Memory
Microarchitecture
Pipelining
In-order versus out-of-order instruction execution
Memory access scheduling policy
Speculative execution
Superscalar processing (multiple instruction issue?)
Clock gating
Caching? Levels, size, associativity, replacement policy
Prefetching?
Voltage/frequency scaling?
Error correction?
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Remember
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Design Point
Considerations
Problem
Algorithm
Program
ISA
Microarchitecture
Circuits
Electrons
Application Space
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ISA-level tradeoffs
Microarchitecture-level tradeoffs
Why art?
38
User
Runtime System
(VM, OS, MM)
ISA
Microarchitecture
Logic
Circuits
Electrons
User
Runtime System
(VM, OS, MM)
ISA
Microarchitecture
Logic
Circuits
Electrons
Macro-Architecture: Machinery
Hall
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