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AFFECTING GROWTH OF
MICROORGANISMS
Mdm Aslizah Mohd Aris
Faculty of Applied Sciences, UiTM
Microbial Growth
Increase
Populations
Colonies
requirements
Temperature
pH
Osmotic pressure (Water availability)
Oxygen requirement
Chemical
requirements
Carbon
Nitrogen, sulfur, and phosphorous
Trace elements
Organic growth factor
PHYSICAL REQUIREMENT
TEMPERATURE
Physical Requirements
TEMPERATURE:
Minimum growth temperature:
Lowest temperature that permits a microbes growth and metabolism
Growth no longer occurs
Maximum growth temperature
Highest temperature that permits a microbes growth and metabolism
Growth not possible
Optimum growth temperature
Promotes the fastest rate of growth and metabolism
Growth is most rapid
1.
2.
3.
4.
Food Preservation
Temperatures
Figure 6.2
PHYSICAL REQUIREMENT
pH
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pH
Majority
of microorganisms grow at a pH
between 6 and 8
Most bacteria grow between pH 6.5 and 7.5
Molds and yeasts grow between pH 5 and 6
Acidophiles grow in acidic environments
Obligate acidophiles grow at extreme acid
pH
Alkalinophiles grow at extreme alkaline pH
PHYSICAL REQUIREMENT
OXYGEN/ CO2
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Oxygen Tolerance
Aerotolerant
Microaerophiles
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Categories of Oxygen
Requirement
Aerobe
Categories of Oxygen
Requirement cont..
Anaerobe
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Table 6.1
Facultative anaerobe
Microaerophile
Obligate aerobe
Obligate anaerobe
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Facultative anaerobe(s)
Microaerophile
Obligate aerobe
Obligate anaerobe
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PHYSICAL REQUIREMENT
OSMOTIC PRESSURE DUE TO
WATER AVAILABILITY
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Osmotic Pressure
Plasmolysis
Figure 6.4
Water availability
Most microbes exist under hypotonic or isotonic
conditions
Halophiles require a high concentration of salt
Extreme or obligate halophiles require high
osmotic pressure
Facultative halophiles tolerate high osmotic
pressure
Osmotolerant do not require high concentration
of solute but can tolerate it when it occurs
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CHEMICAL
REQUIREMENT
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Learning Outcomes:
At the end of this lecture, students are able to:
Name a use for each of the four elements
(carbon, nitrogen, sulfur, and phosphorus)
needed in large amounts for microbial
growth.
Nutritional Types of
Microorganisms
Carbon Source:
Autotrophs use carbon dioxide as their sole or principal carbon
source
Heterotrophs
use reduced, preformed organic molecules
(usually from other organisms) as carbon sources.
Energy Source:
Phototrophs use light as their energy source
Chemotrophs obtain energy from the oxidation of organic or
inorganic compounds.
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Macronutrient
Required
by microorganisms in large
amounts; constitute 95% of cell dry weight
Prime role in metabolism and growth
- C, O, H, N, S, P
are components of
carbohydrates, lipids, proteins & nucleic
acids.
K, Ca, Mg, Fe exist in the cell as cations and
play a variety of roles; e.g. K+ is required for
activity of many enzymes including some
involved in protein synthesis.
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Chemical Requirements
Carbon
Nitrogen
Chemical Requirements
Sulfur
Phosphorus
Other macronutrients
Potassium - required for enzymes especially those
involved in protein synthesis
Magnesium - stabilises ribosomes, cell membranes &
nucleic acids; also required for the activity of many
enzymes
Calcium - not essential for the growth of many
organisms but helps stabilise the bacterial cell wall &
plays a key role in the heat stability of endospores
Sodium - not required by all organisms; need often
reflects the natural habitat of the organism
Example: marine organisms require sodium, fresh
water organisms do not
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elements
Examples:
Cobalt
Manganese
Molybdenum
Nickel
Selenium
Zinc
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