DATA COLLECTION

METHODS
Arief
Hani

Micai
Sari

OBSERVATION
Type of observation that will be used is semistructured.
This type of observation allows the teacher to
make some changes on the prepared checklist.
There will be a set of checklist as a guidance for
the teacher to refer during the observation.

If there is anything that the teacher wanted to

add during the observation he/she will write it
down in the comment section for each question
The observation will observe the students
speaking skill in group as this way is more
practical and less time consuming.
To make sure that the students behave like they
normally do, the teacher could observe the
students secretly.

STEPS
Prepare a set of checklist that contain all the
criteria that the teacher wanted to observe.
Teacher will carry out the class as usual.
Students will be divided into 5 person per group.
Teacher will conduct a group activity where the
students have to talk and actively participate
(drama).
Teacher observe the students based on the
criteria in the checklist.

EXAMPLE OF OBSERVATION
CHECKLIST FOR SPEAKING SKILL

GROUP OBSERVATION : SPEAKING SKILL

NAME OF TEACHER:
DATE :
NAME OF PARTICIPANT :

MARKS/COMMENT

CRITERIA

1.

YES

NO

YES

NO

YES

NO

YES

NO

YES

NO

YES

NO

COMMENT:

Introduction

COMMENT:

1.

Politeness

COMMENT:

1.

Clarifying and explaining

COMMENT:

1.

Fillers

COMMENT:

1.

Non-verbal movement (hand gestures,

facial expression)

COMMENT:

1.

Repetition

Example of observation checklist

AUDIO RECORDING

Audio recording can provide a rich source of

information for your research as follows (McNiff
et al.,2005):
Used

to record data
Useful as talking diary
Used as a way of catching informal conversations &
discussions about your research.

Teacher has to do audio transcriptions process.

Very time-consuming but useful to prove the data
is accurate.

INTERVIEW
Using semi-structured interview.
Allows to get in depth responses on interesting topic.
Can include additional questions.
There will be verbal interactions between the interviewer
and the informant
Interviewer need to menguasai techniques of asking good
questions to facilitate the informant and to obtain quality
data from them
Closed-ended questions does not allow.
A set of checklist should be prepared before the interview
session
So that the interviewer has focus on what he/she doing
However, the interviewer can add additional questions or
comment during the interview

Example on A practical guide to writing your

action research.
PAGE- 84

STEPS
Ask

for permission(for audio recording).

Ask open-ended question
Ask experience before opinion.
Sequence the questions
Avoid sensitive questions.

VIDEO RECORDING
Able to capture non-verbal as evidence.
- changes in behavior in individual.
Video recording are admissible as data/ evidence
for analysis.
Tool: camera

ANALYSING DATA

INFERENTIAL STATISTICS

Independent-measures t test
Appropriate

for designs where two groups are compared on a

common dependent variable

With

inferential statistics, you are trying to reach conclusions that

extend beyond the immediate data alone.

For

instance, we use inferential statistics to try to infer from the

sample data what the population might think.

make

inferences from our data to more general conditions;

In mixed ability class, teacher will pick two different

level of proficiency groups (high and low) and give same
speaking test.
Teacher will compare the end result of the test.
Teacher will identify the problem and proceed to the
next step in continuing the cycle