Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Landfill
Carey Schafer , Don Blake , Stacey Hughes , Rafe Day
1
254
4.4
EPA, 2016
Landfill Emissions
Methane
50% of emissions
Lifetime of 12
years
GWP = 25
Carbon
50% of emissions
Dioxide
< 1% Non-Methane
Organic Compounds
(NMOCs)
Study
Site
Methods
Background Concentration
Methods
Trans-2-Butene
i-Pentane
n-Pentane
n-Heptane
n-Octane
n-Nonane
n-Decane
2,3Dimethylbutane
2-Methylpentane
2,3Dimethylpentane
2,2,4Trimethylpentane
Cyclopentane
Methylcyclopentan
e
Cyclohexane
Benzene
Toluene
Methane
OCS
DMS
CFC-12
CFC-11
CFC-113
CFC-114
H-1211
HFC-152a
HFC-134a
HCFC-141b
HFC-365mfc
Methyl
Chloroform
Trichloroethylene
Tetrachloroethyle
ne
Dichloroethene
n-Propylnitrate
m,p,o- Xylene
Styrene
n-Propylbenzene
3-Ethyltoluene
4-Ethyltoluene
2-Ethyltoluene
1,3,5Trimethylbenzene
1,2,4Trimethylbenzene
1,2,3Trimethylbenzene
alpha-Pinene
Ethanol
Acetone
Butanone
Landfill
Concentration
(pptv)
Conservative
Background
Concentration
(pptv)
Background
Concentration
(pptv)
Trichloroethylen
e
18
Tetrachloroethyl
ene
31
10
145
72
36
Compound
Benzene
Trichloroethylene
Sources
Physiological Effects
EPA, 2016
Tetrachloroethylene
Sources
Physiological Effects
U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, 2014; Goldman et al. 2011
Benzene
Sources
Physiological Effects
Human carcinogen
Targets the liver, kidneys, lungs, heart, and brain
Can cause bone marrow failure
Considered a global health problem
EPA, 2012
Methods
Trans-2-Butene
i-Pentane
n-Pentane
n-Heptane
n-Octane
n-Nonane
n-Decane
2,3Dimethylbutane
2-Methylpentane
2,3Dimethylpentane
2,2,4Trimethylpentane
Cyclopentane
Methylcyclopentan
e
Cyclohexane
Benzene
Toluene
Methane
OCS
DMS
CFC-12
CFC-11
CFC-113
CFC-114
H-1211
HFC-152a
HFC-134a
HCFC-141b
HFC-365mfc
Methyl
Chloroform
Trichloroethylene
Tetrachloroethyle
ne
Dichloroethene
n-Propylnitrate
m,p,o- Xylene
Styrene
n-Propylbenzene
3-Ethyltoluene
4-Ethyltoluene
2-Ethyltoluene
1,3,5Trimethylbenzene
1,2,4Trimethylbenzene
1,2,3Trimethylbenzene
alpha-Pinene
Ethanol
Acetone
Butanone
Oxidation of NMOCs by OH O3
OH Reactivity
7.5
s-1
2.8
s-1
13.9
%
1.0
s-1
18.7
%
Landfill Concentrations
Methane : 9,198 ppbv
Carbon Monoxide: 220
ppbv
Total NMOC: 54 ppbv
Conservative Background
ROH
47.9% NMOC
18.1% Methane
34.0% CO
Normal Background
ROH
23.5% NMOC
31.7% Methane
44.8% CO
OH Reactivity
Oxygenates
Compound
Landfill
Concentration
(pptv)
Ethanol
37,147
Background
Concentration
(pptv)
7,203
Background
Concentration
(pptv)
OH Reactivity
(s-1)
832
2.8
Sources
Largest use of ethanol is as a fuel additive
Environmental Impact
Ethanol produces acetaldehyde a major ozone
precursor
Suarez-Bertoa et al. 2015
Aromatics
Compound
Landfill
Concentration
(pptv)
Conservative
Background
Concentration
(pptv)
Background
Concentration
(pptv)
OH Reactivity
(s-1)
Toluene
798
209
54
0.1
m,p,oXylene
975
187
13
0.4
Sources
Toluene is used as a precursor to benzene and as a
solvent for paints, rubber, and adhesives
Xylenes naturally occur in petroleum and are used
as solvents in printing, rubber, and leather industries
EPA, 2012; ATSDR, 1995
Alkanes
Compound
Landfill
Concentratio
n (pptv)
Conservative
Background
Concentratio
n (pptv)
Background
Concentratio
n (pptv)
OH Reactivity
(s-1)
i-Pentane
1298
463
166
0.02
n-Pentane
651
217
65
0.01
Sources
i-Pentane is used as a fuel additive and as a
propellant (replacing CFCs)
n-Pentane is primarily used as a blowing agent
to manufacture polystyrene foam
National Center for Biotechnology Information, 2016; Global Trust Enterprises, 2011
Results
Previous studies
have only focused
on leachate and
the potential for
groundwater
pollution
The can was taken
at an open
dumping site
Serious health
threat to people
dropping off waste,
living in the area,
More regulation is
necessary to limit the
emission of hazardous air
pollutants
Future Research
Acknowledgements
Cam
Barb Chisholm
Rafe Day
WAS team
Dr. Emily Schaller
NSERC
References
Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (ATSDR), 1995, Toxicological Profile for Xylenes, U.S.
Department of Health and Human Services, Atlanta, GA.
EPA, 2016, Advancing Sustainable Materials Management: Facts and Figures, April 11, 2016, Available from:
https://www.epa.gov/smm/advancing-sustainable-materials-management-facts-and-figures
EPA, 2016, Landfill Methane Outreach Program, May 5, 2016, Available from: https://www3.epa.gov/lmop/basicinfo/
EPA, 2016, Trichloroethylene, February 23, 2016, Available from: https://www3.epa.gov/ttn/atw/hlthef/tri-ethy.html
EPA, 2012, Benzene, April 21, 2016, Available from: https://www3.epa.gov/airtoxics/hlthef/benzene.html#ref4
EPA, 2012, Toluene, February 23, 2016, Available from: https://www3.epa.gov/airtoxics/hlthef/toluene.html
EPA, 2010, Methane and Nitrous Oxide Emissions from Natural Sources, U.S. EPA, Washington DC, USA
Global Trust Enterprises, 2011, Normal Pentane and Its Industrial Uses, September 23, 2011, Available from:
http://globaltrustenterprises.blogspot.com/2011/09/normal-pentane-and-its-industrial-uses.html
Goldman et al. 2011, Solvent exposures and Parkinson disease risk in twins, Annals of Neurology, vol. 71, pp. 776784.
National Center for Biotechnology Information, 2016, 2-Methylbutane, July, 30, 2016, Available from:
https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/2-Methylbutane#section=Top
Scheutz, C., Bogner, J., Chanton, J.P., Blake, D., Morcet, M., Aran, M., & Kjeldson, P., 2008, Atmospheric emissions
and attenuation of non-methane organic compounds in cover soils at a French landfill, Waste Management,
vol. 28, pp. 1892-1908.
Suarez-Bertoa et al. 2015, Primary emissions and secondary organic aerosol formation from the exhaust of a flexfuel (ethanol) vehicle, Atmospheric Environment, vol. 117, pp. 200-211.
U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, 2014, Toxicological Profile for Tetrachloroethylene, Available
from: http://www.atsdr.cdc.gov/toxprofiles/tp.asp?id=265&tid=48
OH Reactivity
Aromatics
Landfill
Concentration (pptv)
Conservative
Background
Concentration (pptv)
Background
Concentration (pptv)
Benzene
145
72
36
Toluene
798
209
54
Ethylbenzene
179
41
m,p,o- Xylene
975
187
13
57
14
3-Ethyltoluene
179
33
4-Ethyltoluene
64
14
2-Ethyltoluene
70
15
1,3,5- Timethylbenzene
90
17
1,2,4- Trimethylbenzene
287
52
1,2,3-Trimethylbenzene
78
22
Cyclopentane
75
24
Methylcyclopentane
199
73
24
Cyclohexane
136
47
13
Compound
n-Propylbenzene
Alkanes
Compound
Landfill
Concentration
(pptv)
Conservative
Background
Concentration
(pptv)
Background
Concentration
(pptv)
i-Pentane
1298
462.9
166
n-Pentane
651
217.3
65
n-Heptane
165
48.7
11
n-Octane
76
24.2
n-Nonane
66
27.9
n-Decane
54
16.1
2,3- Dimethylbutane
80
30.2
15
2- Methylpentane
263
92.7
25
2,3Dimethylpentane
100
35.4
2,2,4Trimethylpentane
141
72.9
20
Biogenics
Compound
Landfill
Concentration
(pptv)
Conservative
Background
Concentration
(pptv)
Background
Concentration
(pptv)
Alpha-Pinene
137
25.8
Landfill OH
Reactivity
Conservative
Background OH
Reactivity
Background OH
Reactivity
0.17
0.034
0.001
Sources
Released by vegetation
Environmental Impacts
Tropospheric ozone precursor
Can react with ozone and the OH radical or the NO3
radical to produce a compound which will partly
condense on existing aerosols, resulting in the
formation of secondary organic aerosols
Reference