Professional Documents
Culture Documents
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18
Bank Regulation
Chapter Objectives
describe the key regulations imposed on commercial
banks
explain capital requirements of banks
explain how regulators monitor banks
explain the issues regarding government rescue of
failed banks
describe how the Financial Reform Act of 2010 affects
commercial bank operations
2013 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part, except for use as
permitted in a license distributed with a certain product or service or otherwise on a password-protected website for classroom use.
Background
1. Bank regulation is needed to protect customers who
supply funds to the banking system.
2. Many regulations were removed or reduced over time,
which allowed banks to become more competitive.
3. Because of deregulation, banks have considerable
flexibility in the services they offer, the locations where
they operate, and the rates they pay depositors for
deposits.
4. Some banks and other financial institutions engaged in
excessive risk taking in recent years, which is one the
reasons for the credit crisis in the 2008-2009 period.
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Regulatory Structure
2013 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part, except for use as
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Regulatory Structure
Regulators
National banks are regulated by the Comptroller of the
Currency, while state banks are regulated by their
respective state agency.
2013 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part, except for use as
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2013 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part, except for use as
permitted in a license distributed with a certain product or service or otherwise on a password-protected website for classroom use.
Regulation of Deposits
1. DIDMCA - Depository Institutions Deregulation and
Monetary Control Act
Enacted to deregulate the banking (and other depository
institutions) industry.
Also enacted to improve monetary policy.
2013 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part, except for use as
permitted in a license distributed with a certain product or service or otherwise on a password-protected website for classroom use.
2013 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part, except for use as
permitted in a license distributed with a certain product or service or otherwise on a password-protected website for classroom use.
2013 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part, except for use as
permitted in a license distributed with a certain product or service or otherwise on a password-protected website for classroom use.
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2013 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part, except for use as
permitted in a license distributed with a certain product or service or otherwise on a password-protected website for classroom use.
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2013 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part, except for use as
permitted in a license distributed with a certain product or service or otherwise on a password-protected website for classroom use.
12
2013 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part, except for use as
permitted in a license distributed with a certain product or service or otherwise on a password-protected website for classroom use.
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2013 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part, except for use as
permitted in a license distributed with a certain product or service or otherwise on a password-protected website for classroom use.
2013 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part, except for use as
permitted in a license distributed with a certain product or service or otherwise on a password-protected website for classroom use.
Regulation of Capital
Banks are subject to capital requirements, which force
them to maintain a minimum amount of capital (or
equity) as a percentage of total assets.
Banks commonly boost their capital levels by retaining
earnings or by issuing stock to the public.
Banks can increase their capital by reducing their
dividends.
When bank regulators of various countries develop their
set of guidelines for capital requirements, they are
commonly guided by the recommendations in the Basel
accords.
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Regulation of Capital
Basel I Accord
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Regulation of Capital
Basel II Framework
Refines risk measures and increases transparency.
Revising the Measurement of Credit Risk
Categories are refined to account for differences in risk levels.
Explicitly Accounting for Operational Risk
Initially, banks would be allowed to use their own methods for
assessing their exposure to operational risk.
The committee plans to develop a more sophisticated process
for assessing operational risk over time.
Implementation of the Basel II Framework
Provisions of the Basel II framework are not directly
enforceable.
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2013 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part, except for use as
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Regulation of Capital
2013 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part, except for use as
permitted in a license distributed with a certain product or service or otherwise on a password-protected website for classroom use.
Regulation of Capital
2013 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part, except for use as
permitted in a license distributed with a certain product or service or otherwise on a password-protected website for classroom use.
Regulation of Capital
2013 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part, except for use as
permitted in a license distributed with a certain product or service or otherwise on a password-protected website for classroom use.
Regulation of Capital
2013 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part, except for use as
permitted in a license distributed with a certain product or service or otherwise on a password-protected website for classroom use.
CAMELS Ratings
Capital adequacy
Asset quality
Management
Earnings
Liquidity
Sensitivity
Each characteristic is rated on a 1-to-5 scale, with 1 indicating
outstanding and 5 very poor.
Banks with a composite rating of 4.0 or higher are considered to
be problem banks.
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2013 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part, except for use as
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23
2013 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part, except for use as
permitted in a license distributed with a certain product or service or otherwise on a password-protected website for classroom use.
2013 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part, except for use as
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Earnings
A profitability ratio used to evaluate banks is return on assets
(ROA), defined as after-tax earnings divided by assets.
Liquidity
If existing depositors sense that the bank is experiencing a
liquidity problem, they may withdraw their funds, compounding
the problem.
25
2013 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part, except for use as
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26
2013 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part, except for use as
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They can take legal action against a problem bank if the bank
does not comply with their suggested remedies.
2013 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part, except for use as
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28
2013 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part, except for use as
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29
2013 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part, except for use as
permitted in a license distributed with a certain product or service or otherwise on a password-protected website for classroom use.
2013 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part, except for use as
permitted in a license distributed with a certain product or service or otherwise on a password-protected website for classroom use.
2013 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part, except for use as
permitted in a license distributed with a certain product or service or otherwise on a password-protected website for classroom use.
2013 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part, except for use as
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Orderly Liquidation
Assigned specific regulators to determine whether any
particular financial institution should be liquidated.
Calls for the creation of an orderly liquidation fund that can
be used to finance the liquidation of any financial institution
that is not covered by the FDIC
2013 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part, except for use as
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34
2013 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part, except for use as
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35
2013 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part, except for use as
permitted in a license distributed with a certain product or service or otherwise on a password-protected website for classroom use.
SUMMARY
Banks must observe regulations on the deposit
insurance they must maintain, their loan composition, the
bonds they are allowed to purchase, and the financial
services they can offer. In general, regulations on
deposits and financial services have been loosened in
recent decades in order to allow for more competition
among banks.
Capital requirements are intended to ensure that banks
have a cushion against any losses. The requirements
have become more stringent and are risk adjusted so
that banks with more risk are required to maintain a
higher level of capital.
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2013 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part, except for use as
permitted in a license distributed with a certain product or service or otherwise on a password-protected website for classroom use.
SUMMARY (Cont.)
Bank regulators monitor banks by focusing on six criteria:
capital, asset quality, management, earnings, liquidity,
and sensitivity to financial market conditions. Regulators
assign ratings to these criteria in order to determine
whether corrective action is necessary. When a bank is
failing, the FDIC or other government agencies consider
whether it can be saved. During the credit crisis, many
banks failed and also Lehman Brothers failed, but the
government rescued American International Group
(AIG). Unlike Lehman brothers, AIG had various
subsidiaries that were financially sound at the time, and
the assets in these subsidiaries served as collateral for
the loans extended by the government to rescue AIG.
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2013 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part, except for use as
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SUMMARY (Cont.)
In July 2010, the Financial Reform Act was implemented.
It set more stringent standards for mortgage applicants,
required banks to maintain a stake in the mortgage
portfolios that they sell, and established a Consumer
Financial Protection Bureau to regulate consumer
finance products and services offered by commercial
banks and other financial institutions.
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2013 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part, except for use as
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