Materials - Metals

Ken Youssefi

PDM I, SJSU

Material Selection
Function dictates the choice
of material and shape.

Function

Material

Process is influenced
by material

Shape restricts the

choice of material
and process.

Shape

Process

Process interacts
with shape.

Material selection and process cannot be separated from the shape

and the function of the product, two way interaction.
Ken Youssefi

PDM I, SJSU

Engineering Materials
Materials
Metals

Ferrous

Non-ferrous

Plastics

Thermoplastics

Thermosets

Elastomers

Steel

Aluminum

Acrylic

Phenolic

Rubber

Stainless steel

Copper

Nylon

Polymide

Polyurethane

Die & tool steel

Zinc

ABS

Epoxies

Silicone

Cast iron

Titanium

Polyethylene

Polyester

Tungsten

Polycarbonate
PVC

Ken Youssefi

PDM I, SJSU

Engineering Materials
Materials

Metals

Plastics

Ceramics
Glass

Carbides
Nitrides
Graphite
Diamond
Glasses

Composites

Reinforced
plastics
Metal-Matrix
Ceramic-Matrix
Laminates

Glass ceramics

Ken Youssefi

PDM I, SJSU

Properties of Materials
Properties of Materials

Mechanical Properties

Physical & chemical

Properties

Yield strength

Thermal conductivity

Ultimate strength

Thermal expansion

Ductility

Electrical conductivity

Hardness

Magnetic properties

Toughness

Corrosion

Fatigue (cyclic load)

Density

Creep (temp / time)

Ken Youssefi

Melting point
PDM I, SJSU

Material Strength
Standard Tensile Test

Ductile Steel (low carbon)

Standard Specimen

Sy yield strength
Su fracture strength

(stress) = Load / Area

(strain) = (change in length) / (original length)
Ken Youssefi

PDM I, SJSU

Material Strength

Different grade of steel

Ken Youssefi

PDM I, SJSU

Plastics

Website: www.ge.com/plastics

Ken Youssefi

PDM I, SJSU

Common Mechanical Properties

Yield Strength (Sy) the

highest stress a material

can withstand and still
return exactly to its original
size when unloaded.

Ultimate Strength (Su) - the

greatest stress a material can

withstand, fracture stress.

Modulus of elasticity (E) - the

slope of the straight portion of
the stress-strain curve.

Ductility - the extent of plastic deformation that a material undergoes

before fracture, measured as a percent elongation of a material.

% elongation = (final length, at fracture original length) / original length

Resilience - the capacity of a material to absorb energy within the elastic

zone (area under the stress-strain curve in the elastic zone)

Toughness - the total capacity of a material to absorb energy without fracture

(total area under the stress-strain curve in the elastic zone)

Ken Youssefi

PDM I, SJSU

Mechanical
Properties

Brittle material

Brittle material

Brittle material
Brittle material

Ken Youssefi

PDM I, SJSU

10

Mechanical properties of Various Materials at room Temp.

Ken Youssefi

PDM I, SJSU

11

Relative mechanical properties of various materials at room temp. in

decreasing order.

Ken Youssefi

PDM I, SJSU

12

Metals
The most common material used in design, most of the elements in the periodic
table are metals.

Metals are strong, stiff, and tough.

They can be made stronger by alloying and heat treatment.

Metals are ductile, they can be shaped by extrusion (hot or

cold), rolling, forging and drawing.

Metals are easy to machine with precision.

Have relatively high melting point, some metal alloys can
withstand temp. up to 2200 oC.
Conduct electricity and heat.
Metals can be joined in many different ways.
Metals are vulnerable to corrosion.
Metals are heavy.
Ken Youssefi

PDM I, SJSU

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