Pengenalan Satelit

Cuaca
Ana Oktavia Setiowati

Apa itu Satelit

Meteorologi
Satelit Meteorologi adalah satelit yang bertujuan
untuk mengamati kondisi atmosfer dan digunakan
untuk penelitian atau informasi mengenai cuaca.
Berdasarkan pola orbital satelit :
GEO

Polar

LEO

MTSAT

AQUA/TERRA

TRMM

FENGYUN2

NOAA

JASON

GOES

METOP

METEOSAT

FENGYUN1

COMS

METEOR

INSAT
KALPANA

Sub Bidang Pengelolaan Citra Satelit

Bidang Pengelolaan Citra Inderaja

3 macam pola orbit

satelit

TROPIC ORBIT

Sub Bidang Pengelolaan Citra Satelit

Bidang Pengelolaan Citra Inderaja

Posisi Satelit Meteorologi

Satellite status as of Sep., 2015

http://www.wmo.int/pages/prog/sat/satellitestatus
.php

On April 1, 1960 the

first U.S. weather
satellite was
launched from Cape
Canaveral, Florida
First TIROS (VIII)
television vidicon
pictures presented
several challenges

Image rectification

Navigation

Cloud type identification

Calibration

image courtesy M.Willmott, Australian Bureau of Meteorology (BO

CHRISTMAS DAY 1963

03:00 GMT

First image received in Australia from

image courtesy M.Willmott, BOM

29 OCT. 1966

First Australian mosaic

7
image from TIROS-9
images courtesy M.Willmott, BOM

1 Mar. 1973

ESSA-8
Orbit number
19,287
00:58:50
GMT

image courtesy M.Willmott, BOM

Geo in 1975

ATS-1
NOAA
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

SMS-2
NASA

SMS-1
NASA

the first
Operational
Geostationary
Environmental
Satellite
of USA

Image modified from Status of Japanese follow-on Geostationary Meteorological Satellites HIMAWARI-8/9, Toshiyuki
9
KURINO Meteorological Satellite Center (MSC), JMA; Joint Australian - Japanese Himawari-8/9 Symposium 22 May
2013, Canberra, Australia

8 NOV. 1976

First received WEFAX image

(Weather Facsimile)

10

image courtesy M.Willmott, BOM

22 Dec. 1977

First GMS images received in

11
Australia
images courtesy M.Willmott, BOM

Geos array in 1978

GOES-1

ESA
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

SMS-2 GOES-2Meteosat-1
ESA
NASA/NOAA

GMS
JMA

contributing to First GARP Global Experiment (FGGE)

produced by WMO and ICSU
for archiving global dataset (Dec. 1978 - Nov. 1979)
Image taken from Status of Japanese follow-on Geostationary Meteorological Satellites HIMAWARI-8/9, Toshiyuki
KURINO Meteorological Satellite Center (MSC), JMA; Joint Australian - Japanese Himawari-8/9 Symposium 22 May
12
2013, Canberra, Australia

Sejarah Perkembangan Satelit Himawari

MS (Geostationary Meteorological Satellite)

GMS

GMS-2

GMS-3

GMS-4

GMS-5

(GOES-9)

(Himawari)(Himawari-2)(Himawari-3)(Himawari-4) (Himawari-5)

Back-up operation of
GMS-5 with GOES-9
by NOAA/NESDIS
May 2003 - June 2005

Jul 1977

Aug 1981

Aug 1984

Sep 1989

Mar 1995

MTSAT (Multi-functional Transport SATellite )

MTSAT-1R

(Himawari-6)

MTSAT-2

(Himawari-7)

Himawari

Himawari-8Himawari-9
Feb 2005

13

Feb 2006

2014

2016

Satellite

Observation
period

GMS

1977 1981

GMS-2

1981 1984

GMS-3

1984 1989

GMS-4

1989 1995

GMS-5

1995 2003

GOES-9

2003 2005

MTSAT-1R

2005 2010

MTSAT-2

2010

Himawari-8

Launch in 2014

Himawari-9

Launch in 2016

13

Geostationary
Satellites

Polar Orbiting
Satellites

36,000 km

Altitude

~ 1000 km

hourly

Coverage (any one

earth location)

Twice daily

poor

Polar coverage

good

Few (until recently)

Instrumentation

many

animations from an unknown source. We would appreciate knowing the source to give credit

International Global Geostationary Coverage

-160
80

-120

GOES-W

-80
GOES-E

-40

40

METEOSAT/MSG

80
FY2

120

160

MTSAT 2

60
40
20
0
-20
-40
-60
-80

Satellite
View Angle
80
65

Adapted from Paul Menzels 2003 APSAT presentatio

Geostationary satellites two principal

types
3-axis stabilized
(eg. MTSAT)

atellite images courtesy Japan Meteorological Agency (JMA)

Spin stabilized
(eg. MSG)

Earth image courtesy Lee Hong BOM

Scanning by 3-axis stabilised geostationary

satellite
Earth is scanned
line by line, similar
to reading a book.
100 lines / minute
2500 lines / image
25 minutes /image
Timestamp
corresponds to
start of image scan

Image courtesy B.Zeschke BOM

Adapted from Paul

Menzels 2003 APSAT
presentation

Geostationary satellites have a large field of view (FOV),

distortion, increasing radially outwards from the sub-satellite
point (SSP). Useful pictures are limited to within about a 55
great circle arc from the SSP.

17

Rapid Scanning possible with 3axis stabilised geostationary

satellite

image from The development for MTSAT Rapid Scan High Resolution AMVS at JMA/MSC Shimoji, K.

Geostationary satellites QUIZ which

are spin-stabilised ?. Which are 3-axis
stabilised ?
MTSAT-2
GOES-W, GOES-E
METEOSAT / MSG
FY-2 East and West

Polar-Orbiting Environmental Satellites

(POES)
or Low Earth Orbit (LEO)

Image from Lockheed Martin NOAA

NOAA satellite
orbit
characteristics
Height 800km
Period for one
revolution 102
minutes
Swath width 3000 km
(55o)

20

Polar-orbiting
satellites
NOAA series
TERRA/AQUA
FY-3A
ASCAT
TRMM (low
inclination orbit)

Polar orbiting satellite prograde

and retrograde orbits

Retrograde sun-synchronous
orbits orbital plane remains
at the same angle wrt. the
sun.
Ensures a constant
illumination angle, useful for
observations
in visible or
Images
from NASA

Prograde Tropical Rainfall

Measurement Mission (TRMM)
satellite.
35 degree inclination orbit, able
to study tropical rainfall at
different local times.

QUIZ: Looking at this image of the scan of a

polar orbiting satellite and the hemispheric
image of a geostationary satellite.
Please fill in the
handout.
Try to find as many
advantages and
disadvantages of
each type of
satellite.
We will discuss this
in more detail
afterwards.
this image from an unknown source. We would appreciate knowing the source to give credit

Geostationary satellite
Advantages

Disadvantages

Polar orbiting satellite

Advantages

Disadvantages

Geostationary vs Polar Orbiting Satellites coverage

image courtesy BOM/JMA

Geostationary vs Polar Orbiting Satellites resolution

image courtesy Christopher Down (BOM)/JMA

Instrumentation and data

AHI
Ka-band antenna
solar
array
panel

approx. 8m
Weight : approx. 3500kg (at
launch)

27
Image from

QUIZ how is the following satellite imagery

used by forecasters ?
Infrared
satellite
imagery

ASCAT
microwave
radiometer
data

Sea Surface
tempeature
data

Calypso
LIDAR
imagery

Atmospheric
motion vectors

TRMM
microwave
radiometer
data
28

Instrumentation and data

Passive visible, infrared and microwave imaging
systems (atmosphere, cloud, land and sea surface
properties)
MTSTAT
JAMI
(IR, VIS)

SSM/I
Microwave
Radiometer
(sea surface)

Passive infrared and microwave atmospheric

sounding systems (vertical temperature and
moisture profiles)
Aqua/Terra
MODIS
AIRS
(water
vapor)

NOAA-15
TOVS
AMSU
(temperatur
e profiles)
29

images sourced from APSATS 2006

Instrumentation and data

Active sensors (measuring rainfall, atmospheric
cross sections, sea level altimetry and sea
state etc.)
CALYPSO CALIOP
(LIDAR)
Atmospheric profiles
of aerosols, clouds
etc.

TRMM
Precipitation
RADAR
3D distribution of
rain and ice

SYNTHETIC
APERTURE RADAR
Winds through
mountain passes,
iceberg / ice shelf
movement.
30

images sourced from APSATS 2006

Products from multiple platforms are used for Tropical

Cyclone analysis and forecasting
GOES VIS, Hurricane Luis

Altimetry
(sea level anomaly)

Sea surface temp

images sourced from APSATS 2006

GEO satellite
(cloud drift winds)

Scatterometer
(ocean surface winds)

31
Microwave temp anomaly

LOKASI GSR SATELIT

MTSAT, FENGYUN2, NOAA, TERRA/AQUA, NPP

Sub Bidang Pengelolaan Citra Satelit

Bidang Pengelolaan Citra Inderaja

Balai 1 Medan
Stamet Supadio
Stamet Sepinggan

Balai 5 Jayapu
Stamet Pattimura
Stamet Raden Inten
BMKG Pusat
Balai 4 Makassar

Balai 3 Denpasar

MTSAT,
FENGYUN2,
NOAA,
TERRA/AQUA

MTSAT,
NOAA

TERRA/AQUA,
NPP

NOAA

Sistem Komunikasi Data dan Citra Satelit

GSR, Client, Database, Website

Sub Bidang Pengelolaan Citra Satelit

Bidang Pengelolaan Citra Inderaja

MTSAT,
FENGYUN2,
NOAA,
TERRA/AQUA

CLIENT
SATELIT
MTSAT
(SATAID)
WEBSITE
SATELIT
satelit.bmkg.go
.id

MTSAT,
NOAA

TERRA/AQUA,
NPP
WEBSITE
SICADAS
sicadas.bmkg.g
o.id

NOAA

JMA,
JAXA,
NASA

Komputer Database
WEBSITE DAN
SISTEM LAIN

LAYANAN
INTERNAL USERS :
Public
Weather
Services
Satellite
Products :
MTSAT
Enhanced
MTSAT
Channel
MTSAT
Rainfall
MTSAT
+
NWP
OCAI
Cloud
Type
OCAI
Cloud
Height
NOAA
Hotspot
MODIS NDVI
MODIS
Truecolor
MODIS
Hotspot
FY2 Cloud
FY2 Channel

Public Weather
Services
Aeronautic
al
Weather
Services
Marine
Weather
Services

Fire
Weather
(F D R S)
Tropical
Cyclone

PRODUCTS :
- Daily Weather
Forecast
Extreme weather
warning
- Aerodrome
forecast
- Flight-Route
forecast
- SIGMET
- Max &
Significant Wave
& Swell forecast
- Surface current
- 10-meter wind
forecast
-Hotspot/Firespot
-Fire Weather
Index
- Smoke
dispersion/
Trajectory
- TC Track forecast
- TCs Impacted
Area forecast

Weather
Satellite
Services and
Users
EXTERNAL USERS :
Ministry of Transport
Ministry of
Agriculture
Tourisms
Marine stakeholders
Fisheries
Public works/
construction
Ministry of Health
Fax,
Email, Ministry of Defense
Web, Bulog
Telp.
Disaster
& SMS Management Agency
(Natl & Regional)
Mass Media
Universities
Research
Institutions