REFRIGERATION

DEFINITION:
IS THE PROCESS OF PRODUCING AND
MAINTAINING A TEMPERATURE OF A SPACE LOWER
THAN THAT OF SURROUNDING BY THE REMOVAL OF
HEAT.
High Temperature
Reservoir
Heat
Rejected
Work
R
Input
Heat
Absorbed
Low Temperature
Reservoir

COMPRESSOR

CONDENSER

EVAPORATOR

EXPANSION VALVE

REFRIGERATION

Heat and Work Interactions in refrigeration systems

B. Carnot
Refrigerator
Processes
1 to 2 - Compression (S =
C)
2 to 3 - Heat Rejection (T
= C)
3 to
(S = C)
T 4 - Expansion
QR
4 to 1 - Heat Addition (T =
3
2
T
C)
H

TL

QA

Brayton Refrigeration Cycle

The working fluids of vapor-compression
systems undergo liquid-to-vapor phase
change. In Brayton refrigeration
systems the working fluid remains a gas
throughout.
The Brayton
refrigeration
cycle is the
reverse of the
Brayton power
cycle introduced
in Sec. 9.6 as
shown in the
figure.

Brayton Refrigeration Cycle

The processes of this cycle are

Process 1-2: the refrigerant gas,

which may be air, enters the
compressor at state 1 and is
compressed to state 2.
Process 2-3: The gas is cooled by
heat transfer to the warm region
at temperature TH.
Process 3-4: The gas expands
through the turbine to state 4,
where the temperature, T4, is well
below TC.
Process 4-1: Refrigeration of the
passes from state 4 to state 1, completing the cycle.
cold region is achieved through
The
work
developed
the
turbine
assists in driving the
heat
transfer
fromby
the
cold
region
compressor.

Brayton Refrigeration Cycle

The coefficient of performance of the cycle
is
(Eq. 10.11)

INTRODUCTION
Why do we need air
conditioning ??
10000
m

Ground
level

Press

.15 bar

Temp

-50 C

Press.

1 bar

Temp.

22-25 C

At high altitudes
Conditions are not in conformity with the
physiological requirement of human being
As the atmospheric pressure drops, the quantity
of oxygen, CO2 and water in each lungful of air
decreases proportionally
Reduction in pressure causes irregularities like
Bleeding through nose, ears, eyes etc

The TEMPERATURE goes up due to the following

reasonsOccupants

Solar radiation

Air
resistance

Electric
appliance
s
Rammi
ng

Cooling
Air resistance
loads
Heat liberated due to fast moving air relative to
plane
Ramming
At a velocity = 300m/s and temp. = 10 C and
Press.= .3 bar
With ramming efficiency = 90 %
Electric
Tempappliances
rise is 40 C
Medium sized plane
Power consumed = 10 15 KW which
results in temp. rise of ~ 45 C

Solar Radiation
through the plane body
through the glass panels

Occupants

Variation of Temp. & press. With

Altitude

person at rest liberates 300 kJ/hr

Actual conditioning in airplane

Cabin pressure = .8 Bar
reduction in energy requirement for compression
reduction in cooling load

Example

1 Bar

10 km

Press

Temp

.15
bar

-50 C

Work
done

Comp.
Temp

131
KJ/Kg

353 K

.8 Bar

Work
done

Comp.
Temp

109

331 K

CLASSIFICATION OF AIRCRAFT
REFRIGERATION SYSTEM1. Basic or Simple air-refrigeration system

a. Without evaporative cooling

b. With evaporative cooling
2. Bootstrap air-refrigeration System

c. Without evaporative cooling

d. With evaporative cooling
3. Regenerative air-refrigeration system
4. Reduced ambient air-refrigeration
system

BASIC AIR- REFRIGERATION SYSTEM

Fig#1 BASIC AIR-REFRIGERATION SYSTEM (WITHOUT

EVAPORATIVE COOLING)

BASIC AIR- REFRIGERATION SYSTEM

Fig#3

BASIC AIR-REFRIGERATION SYSTEM

(WITH EVAPORATIVE COOLING)

BOOTSTRAP AIR REFRIGERATION SYSTEM

Fig#5 BOOTSTRAP AIR-REFERIGERATION SYSTEM

BOOTSTRAP AIR REFRIGERATION SYSTEM

Fig#7 BOOTSTRAP AIR REFRIGERATION SYSTEM

WITH EVAPORATIVE COOLING

Air-refrigeration Cycle With Refrigeration

Fig#8 Air-refrigeration Cycle With

Refrigeration

Reduced Ambient Air-Refrigeration Cycle

REFRIGERATION

REFRIGERATION

P-H diagram for VCR

systems

Schematic
Diagram
3

QR (Heat
Rejected)

Condenser

Compressor

Expansion
Valve
4

1
Evaporator

QA (Heat
Added)

W (Work)

Ph and TS Diagram
T

2
2

3
S=C
h=C
4

1
4
h

1
S

Cascade
System
A. Closed cascade
condenser
Condenser

HP Compressor
Cascade
Condenser

Evaporator

LP Compressor

B. Direct Contact type cascade

condenser
Condenser

HP Compressor
Cascade
Condenser

Evaporator

LP Compressor

Vapour absorption Refrigeration System:

It is a heat operated unit which uses a refrigerant that is
alternatively absorbed and liberated from the absorbent.
In this system, the compressor is replaced by an absorber generator
and a pump involving the less mechanical work.

Aqua Ammonia Refrigeration Systems:

This is most commonly used cycle.
Ammonia is used as Refrigerant
Water as Absorbent.
The following components are used in this refrigeration system.
Analyzer:
It removes the water vapour partially by passing strong solution into it,
otherwise it will lead freezing at the throttle valve.

Rectifier:

Rectifier removes the remaining water vapour by providing water

cooling.

Absorber:

When ammonia dissolves in water, heat is released which reduces the

absorption capacity. So, Water is circulated around the absorber by
spraying the cooled weak NH3, solution. This external cooling increases
the absorption capacity of the weak NH3 Solution.

Lithium Bromide Water systems:

Refrigerant Water ;
Absorbent Lithium Bromide
Lithium bromide has strong affinity for water vapour due
its low vapour pressure.
It absorbs the water vapour as fast as it is released in the
evaporator.
Advantages of Vapour Absorption Refrigeration Systems:
1.
2.
3.
4.

Less noise
Low maintenance cost due to very little wear.
System does not depend upon electric power.
Suitable for above 1000 TR.

Vapour Compression Refrigeration

Systems

Vapour Absorption Refrigeration

Systems
1.

2.

3.

4.
5.

6.

Moving part is pump only.

Hence less wear and
operation is quiet.
More equipments like
Absorber, rectifier, analyzer,
pump, generator,
evaporator, condenser, heat
exchanger are required.
It doesnt depend on
electricity. It can be
operated using solar system
also.
Maintenance cost is low.
The liquid traces from the
evaporator constitute no
danger.
Automatic operation for
controlling the capacity is

1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.

Moving parts are in compressor

makes more noise, wear and tear.
Less components like Compressor,
condenser, expansion valve, and
evaporator are required.
The compressor consumes more
power.
Maintenance cost is high.
The
liquid
traces
from
the
evaporator to the compressor may
damage the compressor.
Automatic
operation
for
controlling
the
capacity
is
difficult.
More space is required.
The system has poor performance
at partial load.
Suitable for only small capacities
only.

TYPE OF AIR-CONDITIONING
1) Window air-conditioning system
2) Split air-conditioning system
3) Centralised air-conditioning system
4) Package air-conditioning system

1) Windows Air-conditioning System

Window air conditioners are one of the most
commonly used and cheapest type of air
conditioners.
To install one of these units, you need the space
to make a slot in the wall, and there should also
be some open space behind the wall.
Window air-conditioner units are reliable and
simple-to-install solution to keep a room cool
while avoiding the costly construction of a central
air system.
Better yet, when the summer heat dies down,
these units can be easily removed for storage,
and you can use the window sill for other purpose

2) Split Air-Conditioning System

The split air conditioner comprises of two parts:
the outdoor unit and the indoor unit.
The outdoor unit, fitted outside the room,
houses components like the compressor,
condenser and expansion valve.
The indoor unit comprises the evaporator or
cooling coil and the cooling fan. For this unit you
dont have to make any slot in the wall of the
room.
Further, the present day split units have
aesthetic looks and add to the beauty of the
room. The split air conditioner can be used to
cool one or two rooms

3) Centralised Air-Conditioning
System
The central air conditioning plants or the
systems are used when large buildings, hotels,
theaters, airports, shopping malls etc. are to
be air conditioned completely.
The window and split air conditioners are used
for single rooms or small office spaces.
If the whole building is to be cooled it is not
economically viable to put window or split air
conditioner in each and every room.
Further, these small units cannot satisfactorily
cool the large halls, auditoriums, receptions
areas etc.

4) Packaged Air-Conditioning
System
The window and split air conditioners are usually
used for the small air conditioning capacities up to 5
tons.
The central air conditioning systems are used for
where the cooling loads extend beyond 20 tons.
The packaged air conditioners are used for the
cooling capacities in between these two extremes.
The packaged air conditioners are available in the
fixed rated capacities of 3,5, 7, 10 and 15 tons.
These units are used commonly in places like
restaurants, telephone exchanges, homes, small
halls, etc.