Professional Documents
Culture Documents
2 ECOLOGY
OVERVIEW:
Ecosystem and energyflow
Population size
Ecological succession
The arctic fox
Practicals:
Microscoping
Small excursion
TEST: Wed 16/9
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COMPETENCE AIMS
ECOLOGY and
ECOSYSTEMS
ECOLOGY:
Possibility to survive
Reproduction
Growth
Distribution
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ECOSYSTEM:
DEFINITIONS:
Individual
SPECIES:
Population
POPULATION:
All individuals of a species within a
geographical limited area
Communit
y
COMMUNITY:
All populations together in an
ecosystem
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Ecosystem
FOOD CHAINS
Shows who is eating who
TROPHIC LEVELS:
1. Producers Plants with photosynthesis
2. Primary consumer Eats plants, herbivore
3. Secondary consumer Eats 1ary Consumers,
carnivore
4. Tertiary consumers Eats 2ndary consumers
FOOD WEBS
FOOD
WEB
Film
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PYRAMIDS OF ENERGY
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RECYCLING OF
NUTRIENTS
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The Carbon
Cycle
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STORED CARBON
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POPULATION
GROWTH
4 Factors that decide the growth:
Births (+)
Death (-)
Number of
individuals
Immigration (+) Emmigration (-)
Population
decreases
Population
increases
Tim
e
CARRYING CAPACITY
ABIOTIC:
Length of growth season
Season changes
Environmental changes
BIOTIC: Density-dependent
Parasites
Diseases
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Different developments in
population growth
J-formed growth curve:
Exponential growth
24 8 16 32
Number of
individuals
Exponenti
al curve
No limiting factors
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Possible developments
with exponential growth:
Ca 2050
1950
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Overgrazin
g
Carrying
capacity
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More space
More food
Less
predators21
Better health
Interactions between
populations
3 TYPES OF RELATIONSHIPS:
1. Symbiosis
2. Competition
3. Predator-prey
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1. SYMBIOSIS:
A close life together between
species
Parasitism: Advantage for one, disadvantage
for the other one
Ex. Head lice on humans
2. COMPETITION
-A struggle for resources
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Arctic
hare
Lynx
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KEY SPECIES
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ECOLOGICAL
SUCCESSION
A slow directional change within an ecosystem
PRIMARY SUCCESSION:
Starts on barren ground
After lava flow, landslides, mudslides, dried up
rivers
SECONDARY SUCCESSION:
The changing of one community to another
Occurs where life already is present
Fallow field
After a forest fire or cut down forest
Disappearing lake
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PIONEER SPECIES
EX:
1. Lichens attach to stones
2. Breaks them down to soil
3. Small plants and mosses move in
4. Insects and herbivorous animals move in
5. Predators show up
And voil An ecosystem is created!
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PHASES IN SUCCESSION
1. THE PIONEER PHASE:
Lichen, mosses, annual plants with large
seed production
- Some pioneer species, can bind nitrogen from
the air
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Succession in
Norway
Covered by ice 10 000 yrs ago
Shifting climate since then
Tree line has varied
Fir immigrated from the east
2 C warmer in the future consequenses?
Period
Last
part of
the icetime
75005500
f.Kr.
5500300 f.Kr.
300-500
e.Kr.
500
Future
e.Kr.
presenc
e
CLIMATE
Climate
improves
Warm
and dry
Warm
and
humid
Warm
and dry
Cold and
humid
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THE ARCTIC
FOX
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