EP602

WIRELESS
COMMUCATION

COURSE LEARNING OUTCOME

1. Explain clearly the basic concept,
components and standard involved in
wireless communication system. (C2)
2. Handle systematically the related wireless
communication equipments in performing
the assigned practical work. (P3)
3. Display good communication skill through
presentation of any given essay question.
(A3)
2

TOPIC 1
INTRODUCTION TO
WIRELESS
COMMUNICATION
[06:14]

LEARNING OUTCOME
1.1 Know the evolution of
wireless communications.
1.2 Understand the spectrum
band of wireless
communication.
1.3 Understand the organizations
of communication standards.
1.4 Understand the wireless
communication services for
long range and short range.
4

EP602 WIRELESS COMMUNICATION

TOPIC
1
TOPIC
1
INTRODUCTION TO
WIRELESS
COMMUNICATION
5

1.1
1.1 KNOW
KNOWTHE
THEEVOLUTION
EVOLUTION
OF
OFWIRELESS
WIRELESS
COMMUNICATION
COMMUNICATION

At the end of this learning

session, students should be able
to
explain : & digital system.
i. Analogue
ii. Evolution of wireless
communication.

WIRELESS COMMUNICATION SYSTEM

ANALOG
WIRELESS
COMMUNICATION

1G
2G

DIGITAL

3G
4G &
beyond
7

EVOLUTION OF WIRELESS
COMMUNICATION SYSTEM
1G 1st Generation
First-generation (1G) wireless telephone
technology, cellphones. These are the
analog cellphone standards that were
introduced in the 1980s.It refers to the
generation of wireless telecommunication
technology, more popularly known as
cellphones.
1G wireless networks used analog radio
signals. A voice call gets modulated to a
higher frequency of about 150MHz and is
transmitted between radio towers with the
8
help of 1G. This is done using a technique

EVOLUTION OF WIRELESS
COMMUNICATION SYSTEM
2G 2nd Generation
2G is the second-generation wireless telephone,
which is based on digital technologies. 2G
networks is basically for voice communications
only, except SMS messaging is also available as
a form of data transmission for some standards.
2G telephone technology is based on Global
System for Mobile (GSM) communication. 2G
was launched in Finland in the year 1991.
2G technologies enabled the various mobile
phone networks to provide the services such as
text messages, picture messages and MMS
(Multimedia Messages Services).
2G standard used Time Division Multiple
9
Access

EVOLUTION OF WIRELESS
COMMUNICATION SYSTEM
3G 3rd Generation
The
International
Telecommunications
Union
(ITU)
defined the third generation (3G) of
mobile telephony standards IMT2000 to facilitate growth, increase
bandwidth,
and
support
more
diverse applications.
3G had to deliver packet-switched
data with better spectral efficiency,
10

EVOLUTION OF WIRELESS
COMMUNICATION SYSTEM
4G 4rd Generation
4G is the name of technologies for highspeed mobile wireless communications
designed for new data services and
interactive TV through mobile network.
International Telecommunication Union using
Radio defined 4G mobile technology as IMTAdvanced
(International
Mobile
Telecommunication Advanced).
It is considered to embed IP feature in the
set for more security purpose as high data
rates are send and receive through
the
11

EVOLUTION OF WIRELESS
COMMUNICATION SYSTEM
ANALOG SYSTEM
1G 1st Generation.
o Advance Mobile Phone Services (AMPS).
o Total Access Communication System (TACS).
o Nordic Mobile Telephone (NMT).

DIGITAL SYSTEM
2G 2nd Generation.
o Global System for Mobile communication
(GSM).
o General Packet Radio Services (GPRS).
o Enhanced Data rates for GSM Evolution
12
(EDGE).

EVOLUTION OF WIRELESS
COMMUNICATION SYSTEM
3G 3rd Generation
o 3G Wideband Code Division Multiple
Access
(W-CDMA) / Universal Mobile
Telecommunication System (UMTS).
o 3G Code Division Multiple Access
(CDMA2000).
o High-Speed Downlink Packet Access
(HSDPA).
4G 4th Generation
o LTE Long Term Evolution.

13

ANALOG SYSTEM
(1ST GENERATION)
The first-generation (1G)
mobile cellular system
started in the 1980s.
It was based on analog radio
transmission and circuitswitched techniques.
Transmit only analog voice
information.
Use FDMA Access Technology
which uses 30 kHz channels
of spectrum.
14

ANALOG SYSTEM
(1ST GENERATION)
Types of Analog Cellular
System:
AMPS
(Advance Mobile
Phone Services)
TACS
(Total Access
Communication
System)
NMT
(Nordic Mobile
Telephone)
NAMPS
(Narrowband
AMPS)

First introduced in US.

30 kHz radio channel, 824 MHz to
849 MHz uplink frequency and 869
MHz to 894 MHz downlink.
First introduced in U.K in 1985, use
25 kHz radio channel.
890 to 915 MHz uplink and 869 to
894 MHz downlink.
Developed by telecommunication
administrations of Nordic countries.
NMT-450 uses lower frequency (450
MHz) & high transmitting power.
Radio channel is 25 kHz.
Introduced by Motorola in 1991.
Use 10 kHz BW for radio
15 channel.

ANALOG SYSTEM
(1ST GENERATION)
The main mobile service provided by 1G
were circuit-switched voice
communications.
Disadvantages:
i.The main problem of 1G systems was
roaming between different network
operators, as each operator operated
in a proprietary core network.
ii. Efficient use the frequency spectrum
was not possible.
16

DIGITAL SYSTEM
(2ND GENERATION)
In the early 1990s, the secondgeneration (2G) cellular systems
began to evolve.
2G Systems use digital multiple
access technology, such as TDMA
(Time Division Multiple Access) and
CDMA (Code Division Multiple
Access).
GSM (Global System for Mobile
Communication) uses TDMA
17

DIGITAL SYSTEM
(2ND GENERATION)
It uses Digital Radio signal.
Main 2G technologies are TDMA,
CDMA and GSM.
GSM utilizes wider band (200 kHz)
carrier frequency and each support
8 time slots.
Advantages:
Digital error checking, sound quality is
increase.
Allowed digital data services like SMS
18
and email

DIGITAL SYSTEM
(2ND GENERATION)
It enable high speed data transfer
over upgraded existing 2G
network by sending data as
packet at very fast speed.
2.5G uses two technologies:
1. GPRS (General Packet Radio
Services).
2. EDGE (Enhanced Data Rates for
GSM Evolution).
19

DIGITAL SYSTEM
(2ND GENERATION)
GPRS : General Packet Radio System
i. GPRS is an evaluation of GSM systems using the
already existing Base Station Subsystem (BSS)
with additional Packet Control functions and a
new packet Core Network.
ii.GPRS brings the possibility of data services and
applications based on Internet Protocol (IP) to
GSM mobile networks. In current network
implementations, GPRS data transfer speeds are
from 30 kbps up to 114 kbps.

20

DIGITAL SYSTEM
(3RD GENERATION)
Goals
o Voice and Data Transmission.
Simultanous voice and data
access.
o Multi-megabit Internet access.
Interactive web sessions.
o Voice-activated calls.
o Multimedia Content.
Live music.
21

DIGITAL SYSTEM
(3RD GENERATION)
ITU has defined the demands for third
generation mobile network with IMT-2000
standard. System that fulfill IMT-2000
standard is UMTS.
3G networks are wide area cellular
telephone network evolved to incorporated
high speed internet access.
3G uses 0.5 MHz channel carrier width to
deliver higher data rates and increase
capacity.
22

23

DIGITAL SYSTEM
(4TH GENERATION)
Reason to have 4G:
o Support interactive multimedia services,
teleconferencing, wireless Internet, etc.
o Wider bandwidth and higher bit rates
(up to 100 Mbps).
o Global mobility and service portability.
o Low cost.
o Scalability of mobile networks.
24

EVOLUTION OF CELLULAR PHONE

25

WIRELESS COMMUNICATION SYSTEM

Example of wireless communication system:
Cordless
phones

Mobile phone

Handheld
walkie-talkies

Pagers

Mobile
Equipment

Remote
controllers for
home
entertainment

Satellite

Radar
26

SERVICE ORIENTED SYSTEM

4G
3G
2
G
27

EVOLUTION OF MOBILE NETWORK

MOBILE NETWORK - Evolution Path for Mobile Operator in
Malaysia
Digital Cellular (3G)

4G

2001: Japan/Europe (UMTS)

2001: US: WCDMA

3.5G

Technology

Digital Cellular (2G)

1995: US: IS95 (CDMA) 1992:
Europe GSM

Analog Cellular
1985: UK: TACS (Total
Access Communication
System)
1981: Sweden: NMT
1979: Chicago: AMPS
(Advance Mobile Phone
System)

2G

1G
1989

LTE
> 100Mbps

HSDPA/HSPA
+
(> 3.6Mbps)

WCDMA
(<384 kbps)
GPRS
2.5G
(<120 kbps)
GSM CS Data
2G
(Data Svc @ 9.6 kbps)
GSM Services
(Digital Voice Services)
3G

ART900 Services (ETACS)

(Analog Voice Services)
1994

1998

2002

200628

2010

Time

EVOLUTION OF MOBILE NETWORK

29

1.2
1.2 UNDERSTAND
UNDERSTANDTHE
THE
SPECTRUM
SPECTRUMBAND
BANDOF
OF
WIRELESS
WIRELESSCOMMUNICATION
COMMUNICATION

At the end of this learning

session, students should be able
to
explain
:
i. The
spectrum
allocations for
existing systems .
ii. The advantages and
disadvantages of wireless
communication.

30

SPECTRUM BAND OF
WIRELESS COMMUNICATION

31

MOBILE NETWORK IN MALAYSIA

(SPECTRUM ASSIGNMENTS)

32

MOBILE NETWORK IN MALAYSIA

(SPECTRUM ASSIGNMENTS)

33

MOBILE NETWORK IN MALAYSIA

(SPECTRUM ASSIGNMENTS)

34

MOBILE NETWORK IN MALAYSIA

(SPECTRUM ASSIGNMENTS)
Spectrum Assignments

GSM
900MHz

GSM
1800MH
z

Maxis
DiGi
Telco
Maxis

880886
886888
888905
905915

925931
931933
933950
950960

Maxis 17101735 18051830

Telco 17351760 18301855
DiGi 17601785 18551880

3G
2100MHz
U-Mobile 19201935 21102125
Maxis
19351950 21252140
Telco
19501965 21402155
DiGi 19651980 21552170
35

MOBILE NETWORK IN MALAYSIA

(SPECTRUM ASSIGNMENTS)

36

item

Analog

Digital

Generati
on

1G

2G

Voice

Data
Speed
(max)

9.6
kbps

2.5G

2.75G

3G

3.5G

4G

GSM GPRS

EDGE

UMTS HSDPA LTE

14.4 114
kbps kbps

384
kbps

2
21
Mbps Mbps

100
Mbps

AWS-1 or UMTS band IV, is a wireless

telecommunications spectrum band used for mobile
voice and data services, video, and messaging.
AWS-1 is used in the United States, Canada and
Chile.
The AWS band uses microwave frequencies in two
segments: from 1710 to 1755 MHz for uplink, and
from 2110 to 2155 MHz for downlink.
The service is intended to be used by mobile
devices such as wireless phones for mobile data,
video, and messaging services.
37

ADVANTAGES AND
DISADVANTAGES OF
WIRELESS COMMUNICATION
ADVANTAGES

Mobility
Freedom to move about without being
tethered by wires.
Permits many industries to shift
toward an increasingly mobile
workforce
Gives team-based workers the ability to
access the network resources
Easier and less expensive
installation
Installing network cabling in older
buildings can be a difficult, slow, and
costly task
Makes it easier for any office to be
modified with new cubicles or
furniture
Increased reliability
Network cable failures may be the most
common source of network problems
Disaster recovery
In the event of a disaster, managers
can quickly relocate the office

DISADVANTAGES

Radio signal interference

The potential for two types of signal
interference exists. Unlike wired
communication, it is influenced by
physical obstructions, climatic
conditions, interference from other
wireless devices
Security
It has security vulnerabilities. It is
possible for an intruder to be lurking
outdoors with a notebook computer
and wireless Network Interface
Controller (NIC). With the intent of
intercepting the signals from a nearby
wireless network, some wireless
technologies can provide added levels
of security.
Health risks
High levels of RF can produce biological
damage through heating effects.
Wireless devices emit low levels of RF
while being used
Relatively lower bandwidth speed
Currently 128 Mbps but UTP cable can
reach 1 Gbps. Bandwidth
for each user
38
getting smaller to support more user.
That is why currently wired backbone

1.3
1.3 UNDERSTAND
UNDERSTANDTHE
THE
ORGANIZATIONS
OF
ORGANIZATIONS OF
COMMUNICATION
COMMUNICATION
STANDARDS
STANDARDS

At the end of this learning

session, students should be able
to
explain
: the organization for
i. The
role of
communication standards.

39

ORGANIZATION OF
COMMUNICATION STANDARD
Standards are developed by cooperation among
standards creation committees, forums, and
government regulatory agencies.
Standards Creation Committees:

International Standards Organization (ISO).

International Telecommunications Union (ITU).
American National Standards Institute (ANSI).
Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE).
Electronic Industries Association (EIA).
Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF).
Malaysian Communications and Multimedia
Commission (MCMC).
40

BENEFITS OF STANDARDIZATION
Enables interoperability.
Encourages innovation, fosters
enterprise and opens up new
markets.
Creates trust and confidence in
products.
Expands the market, brings down
costs and increases competition.
Helps prevent the duplication of
effort.
41

INTERNATIONAL TELECOMMUNICATION
UNION (ITU)
o Also known as International
Telecommunications Union-Telecommunication
Standards Sector (ITU-T).
o An international standards organization
related to the United Nations that develops
standards for telecommunications.
o Two popular standards developed by ITU-T
are:
V series transmission over phone lines.
X series transmission over public digital
networks, email and directory services and ISDN.
42

INSTITUTE of ELECTRICAL and

ELECTRONIC ENGINEERS (IEEE)
o The largest national professional group
involved in developing standards for
computing, communication, electrical
engineering, and electronics.
o Aims to advance theory, creativity and
product quality in the fields of electrical
engineering, electronics and radio.
o It sponsored an important standard for
local area networks called Project 802
(e.g.: 802.3, 802.4 and 802.5
standards.)
43

MALAYSIAN COMMUNICATION and

MULTIMEDIA COMMISSION (MCMC)
o The MCMC key role is the regulation of the
communications and multimedia industry based on
the powers provided for in the Malaysian
Communications and Multimedia Commission Act
(1998) and the Communications and Multimedia Act
(1998).
o The Commission is also charged with overseeing the
new regulatory framework for the converging
telecommunications and broadcasting industries and
on-line activities. In 2001, the Commissions role was
expanded to include overseeing the postal service
sector pursuant to the Postal Services Act 1991 and
licensing of the Certification Authorities under the
44
Digital Signature Act 1997.

ORGANIZATIONS OF
COMMUNICATION STANDARDS
Institute of
Electrical and
Electronic Engineers
(IEEE)
Is a professional
association
headquartered in
New York that is
dedicated to
advancing
technological
innovation and
excellence.
Serves as a major
publisher of scientific
journals and
organizer of
conferences,
workshops, and
symposia in a broad
range of disciplines.
Develops and

International
Telecommunication
Union (ITU)
Is a specialized agency of
the United Nations which
is responsible for
information and
communication
technologies.
Coordinates the shared
global use of the radio
spectrum, promotes
international cooperation
in assigning satellite
orbits, works to improve
telecommunication
infrastructure in the
developing world, and
assists in the
development and
coordination of worldwide
technical standards.

Malaysian
Communications and
Multimedia
Commission (MCMC)
Is the regulator for the
converging
communications and
multimedia industry in
Malaysia.
implement and
promote the Malaysian
Government's national
policy objectives for the
communications and
multimedia sector.
overseeing the new
regulatory framework
for the converging
industries of
telecommunications,
broadcasting and online
45activities.

QUIZ
1. Which organization serves as a major publisher of
scientific journals and organizer of conferences,
workshops, and symposia in a broad range of disciplines.
A. Institute of Electrical and Electronic Engineers (IEEE)
B. International Telecommunication Union (ITU)
C. Malaysian Communications and Multimedia
Commission (MCMC)
2. . organizes worldwide and regional
exhibitions and forums.
3. Malaysian Communications and Multimedia Commission
(MCMC) overseeing the new regulatory framework for
the converging industries of .,
. and . activities.

46

1.4
1.4 UNDERSTAND
UNDERSTANDTHE
THE
WIRELESS
WIRELESSCOMMUNICATION
COMMUNICATION
SERVICES
SERVICES

At the end of this learning

session, students should be able
to
explain
i. The
types: of communication
services for long range.
ii. The types of communication
services for short range.
iii. The application of
communication services.
47

WIRELESS COMMUNICATION SERVICES

FOR LONG RANGE AND SHORT RANGE
Wireless Applications (Services)

48

WIRELESS
COMMUNICATION
Communication
SERVICES
services for short

Communication
services for long
range

range

i. Bluetooth
i. Wireless Wide Area ii. ZigBee
Network (WWAN)
iii. Radio Frequency
ii.Broadband Wireless
Identification
Access (BWA)
(RFID)
iii. Amateur Radio
49

Communication Services For Long

Wireless Wide
Broadband
Wireless
Amateur Radio
Range
Area Network
Access (BWA)

(WWAN)

Is a wide area
network in which
separate areas of
coverage or cells
are connected
wirelessly to
provide service to a
large geographic
area.
WWAN services are
typically delivered
to smart phones
and other handheld
devices sold by
cellularservice
providers.
The three families
of WWAN
technologies are
GSM/UMTS,CDMA

Provides broadband
data access by
wireless means to
consumer and
business markets.

Metropolitan Area
Networks, 3G and
Wireless LAN which
can even be
combined in one
single device to
ensure seamless
operation.

Consumers can
purchase a PC card,
laptop card, or USB
equipment to connect
their PC or laptop to
the Internet via cell
phone towers.

Amateur radio (Ham

radio) is the use of
designated radio
frequency spectrum
for purposes of
private recreation,
non-commercial
exchange of
messages, wireless
experimentation,
self-training, and
emergency
communication.

Amateurs use a
variety of voice, text,
image, and data
communications
modes and have
access to frequency
allocations
throughout the RF
spectrum
to enable
50
communication

Communication Services For

Bluetooth
Radio Frequency
Short
Range ZigBee

Is an open
specification for
short range
wireless voice
and data
communication.
Has a lower data
rate and
operating in
unlicensed bands
and owned by the
user.
Application:
i. As wire
replacement to
connect a PC or
laptop to its
keyboard,
mouse,
microphone, and

Is a specification
for a suite of high
level
communication
protocols using
small, low-power
digital radios
based on an IEEE
802 standard for
personal area
networks .
Applications:
i. Home
Entertainment and
Control
ii. Wireless Sensor
Networks
Industrial control
iii. Embedded
sensing

Identification (RFID)
Is the use of a
wireless non-contact
system that uses
radio-frequency
electromagnetic
fields to transfer data
from a tag attached
to an object, for the
purposes of
automatic
identification and
tracking.
Applications:
i. Access management
ii. Tracking of goods,
person and animals
iii.Toll collection and
contactless payment
51
iv. Machine
readable

COMMUNICATION SERVICES
FOR LONG RANGE
WWAN
BWA
Amateur
Radio

52

Wireless Wide Area Network

(WWAN)
Is a wide area network
in which

separate areas of coverage or cells are

connected wirelessly to provide service
to a large geographic area.
WWAN services are typically delivered
to smart phones and other handheld
devices sold by cellularservice
providers.
The three families of WWAN
technologies are GSM/UMTS,CDMA
One/CDMA2000 and WiMAX.
53

Broadband Wireless Access

(BWA)

Provides broadband data access by

wireless means to consumer and
business markets.

Metropolitan Area Networks, 3G and

Wireless LAN which can even be
combined in one single device to
ensure seamless operation.
Consumers can purchase a PC card,
laptop card, or USB equipment to
connect their PC or laptop to the
Internet via cell phone towers.
54

Amateur Radio
Amateur radio (Ham radio) uses
designated radio frequency spectrum for
purposes of private recreation, noncommercial exchange of messages,
wireless experimentation, self-training,
and emergency communication.
Amateurs use a variety of voice, text,
image, and data communications modes
and have access to frequency allocations
throughout the RF spectrum to enable
communication across a city, region,
country, continent, the world, or even
into space.
55

COMMUNICATION SERVICES
FOR SHORT RANGE
Bluetoot
h
ZigBee
RFiD

56

Bluetooth
Bluetooth wireless technology is an open specification
for a low-cost, low-power, short-range radio
technology for ad-hoc wireless communication of voice
and data anywhere in the world.
Bluetooth specifications IEEE 802.15.1 have been
made by Bluetooth Special Interest Group (SIG).
Bluetooth technology is a short range wireless
protocol that connects electronic devices while they
are close to each another. Wireless signals transmitted
with Bluetooth cover short distance typically up to 30
feet (10 m).
Bluetooth devices generally communicate at less than
1Mbps.
57

Bluetooth
1994 Ericsson gets interested in wireless
connections from mobile telephones to
other devices like PDAs and accessories
like headsets forming the SIG (Special
Interest Group) with 4 other members
(IBM, Intel, Nokia, Toshiba) in order to
develop a wireless standard for
communication between mobile devices.
58

Bluetooth
Power Class 2:
Mid range
(10m,1-2,5mW)
Power Class1:
Long range
(100m,100mW)

3
different
power
classes

Power Class3:
Short range
(0.1-10m,1mW)

the lowest defined layer of the Bluetooth

specification operating in the 2.4 GHz
ISM Band accomplishes spectrum
spreading by frequency hopping (FHSS)
from 2.402 GHz to 2.480 GHz
59
Signal strength adjustment

Bluetooth Applications

60

Example of Bluetooth
Application

Bluetooth
Adapter

With the use of this wireless alternative, connection

of electronics at work and/or at home is made easier and
more convenient. Bluetooth adapter often refers to a tiny
USB thumb drive with a Bluetooth chip which adds
Bluetooth ability to the computer have no built-in
Bluetooth.
When two devices are equipped with Bluetooth,
usually one of them will to be set to be discoverable,
meaning itll show up in a list of Bluetooth devices in the
area on your phone or other controlling device. For
example, the wireless printer would be discoverable, and
it will end up being controlled by a Bluetooth-equipped
laptop. The printer, or any Bluetooth accessory, sends
out a signal with a little bit of information to alert other
nearby devices of its presence and capabilities. You tell
your computer to connect, and the two devices form a
personal area network, or piconet.

61

Bluetooth
ADVANTAGES

DISADVANT
AGES

Wireless

Short Range

Inexpensive

Low
Security

Sharing Voice and

Data

Low Data Rate

Low Energy
Consumption

Interference with
other devices
62

ZigBee
ZigBee is a technological standard
designed for control and sensor networks.
Based on the IEEE 802.15.4 Standard.
Created by the ZigBee Alliance.
Operates in Personal Area Networks
(PANs) and device-to-device networks.
Connectivity between small packet
devices.
Control of lights, switches, thermostats,
appliances, etc.
63

ZigBee Applications
security
HVAC
AMR
lighting control
access control

patient
monitoring
fitness
monitoring

PERSONAL
HEALTH
CARE

ZigBee
Wireless
Control
that
Simply
Works

TV
VCR
DVD/CD
remote

PC &
PERIPHERALS

asset mgt
process
control
environmental
energy mgt

security
HVAC
lighting control
access control
irrigation

TELECOM
SERVICES

m-commerce
info services
object interaction
(Internet of Things)

64

Example of ZigBee
Application
(ZigBee Hotel

Lodging Technology installed its first beta

wireless
GEM Link system in April 2008.
Energy
Management)
The GEM Link system consists of three
parts: a Passive Infrared occupancy sensor
mounted in the corner of a guest room; a
Transceiver module connected to the
HVAC (Heating, Ventilation and Air
Conditioning) unit; and the Entry/Patio door
switch module mounted on the wall beside
the door frame or on the door. Each
component includes an XBee ZigBee
module.

When a guest enters a room, the door switch transmits to the HVAC Transceiver unit that
the door is open via an XBee module. The infrared module then detects the heat of the
guest in the room and transmits to the HVAC unit that someone is in the room also via an
XBee module. When the door closes, control of the HVAC unit is released to the guest
because it now knows someone is in the room and the door is closed. If there is a patio or
balcony door, another wireless door switch can be added to that door as well.
65

Example of ZigBee
Application

Home automation;
Consists of device definitions for sensors used in industrial control
Light switches.
Thermostats.
Window shade.
Heating unit
Industrial plant Monitoring
Consists of device definitions for sensors used in industrial control;
Temperature.
Pressure sensors.
Infrared.

66

RFID
Radio Frequency Identification.
RFID is a technology, whose origins are
found in the WWII era, that incorporates
electromagnetic or electrostatic coupling in
the RF portion of the EM spectrum to
uniquely identify an object, animal or
person.
It is also gaining increasing use in industry
as an alternative to the barcode.
Requires a transceiver, antenna, and
transponder.
Can operate in Passive or Active Modes.
67

RFID
RF signals transmitted by the transceiver
activates the transponder, which
transmits data back to the transceiver.
Transponder is powered by EM waves
emitted by the transceiver.
Various frequencies are used depending
on the application.
Requires no line-of-sight.
68

RFID Applications
Tracking Books in Libraries
Inventory Tracking
Authorized building access
Passports
Credit card
Prison inmates (embedded)
For toll booths (or any pay for entry
system)
Airport Baggage ID
Car keys, wireless entry and ignition
Animals
Hospital Patients - Instant history tracking
69

Example of RFID Application

Active
RFID
Automated
Attendance Monitoring System
tracks employees in/out record
accurately and automatically.
Active RFID tags are used as
employee cards and are given
to each employee. Each
employees information is also
linked with the tag ID for easier
retrieval of related information.
Whenever employees carrying
their tag pass through the office
entrance, readers detect the
tags and immediately send the
tag ID to the server. Entry or
exit of a particular employee is
recorded and can be retrieved
for later human resources
management usages.
70

Example of RFID Application

By implementing active RFID
technology, no longer do
employees need to sign in or
out manually. Human errors,
unnecessary disputes, and
tedious paper recording and
data entry work can all be
avoid, providing efficiency in
overall
operation
of
the
company.
The system is capable of
generating monthly reports for
every
employee,
showing
records such as total working
hours time, number of day-offs,
and hourly/monthly salary of
the employees. Such reports
provide data and statistics for
further analysis in respect of
human resource planning and
management.
71

IEEE 802 WIRELESS SPACE

WWAN

IEEE 802.22

Range

IEEE 802.20
WMAN

WiMAX
IEEE 802.16

WLAN
ZigBee
802.15.4
Bluetooth
15.4c
802.15.1

WPAN
0.01

0.1

WiFi
802.11

1
10
Data Rate (Mbps)

802.15.3
802.15.3c
100

1000

ZigBee standard uniquely fills a gap for low data rate applications
72

QUIZ
1. The three families of WWAN technologies
are_______________,CDMA One/ CDMA2000 and
______________________.
2. Amateurs use a variety of______________, ____________,
________________, and _______________ communications
modes and have access to frequency allocations
throughout the ________________ spectrum to enable
communication across a city, region, country,
continent, the world, or even into space.
3. Following are the applications for ZigBee EXCEPT:
A. Wireless Sensor Networks Industrial control
B. Embedded sensing
C. Is an ad hoc networking used in conference room.
D. Home Entertainment and Control
73

RECAP
RECAP
2. Understand the
spectrum band of
wireless communication.

1. Know the evolution of

wireless communications.

INTRODUCTIO
N TO
WIRELESS
COMMUNICAT
ION
4. Understand the
wireless communication
services

3. Understand the
organizations of
communication standards.
74

REFERENCES
REFERENCES
1. David Tse, Pramod Viswanath. (2005). Fundamentals of Wireless Communication.
Cambridge University Press.( ISBN: 0521845270)
2. Dr. Sunil Kumar S.Manvi, Mahabaleshwar S. Kakkasagari. (2010).
Wireless and Mobile Networks : Concepts and Protocol. Wiley India Pvt. Ltd.
(ISBN : 8126520698)
3. Heiner, Gunnar (2011). GSM Networks: Protocol, Terminology and Implementation.
ARTECH House Inc. (ISBN : 0890064717)
4. Ian Poole (2006) . Cellular Communication Explained: From Basics to 3G. Newnes .
(ISBN: 9780750664356)
5. Paul Bedell. (2005). Wireless Crash Course. McGraw-Hill.
(ISBN : 9780071452809)
6. William C. Y. Lee (2006). Wireless & Cellular Telecommunications (3rd Ed.).
McGraw-Hill (ISBN : 0071436863)
75