Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Systems
By k.rajendra
Power
1,00,000MW
---
65,000MW
Power ---
10,000MW
20,000MW
Nuclear
Power ---
Total
Sources
Thermal (Coal)
Nuclear
Gas
Water
B.Non conventional Sources
Wind
Solar- PV
Biomass
Disadvantages
(i) It pollutes the atmosphere due to the production of large
amount of smoke and fumes
(i) Boiler
(ii) Super heater
(iii) Economizer
(iv) Air preheater
In a balanced draft boiler you actually have both F.D fan and I.D fan.
1. I.D stands for Induced draft Fan whereas F.D stands for Force Draft
fan.
2. ID fan(Induced Draft Fan)basically pulls out flue gas from
2. Transportation by rail
3. Transportation by ropeways
4. Transportation by road
1. Coal delivery
2. Unloading
3. Preparation
4. Transfer
5. Storage of coal
6 In-plant handling
7.weighing and measuring
8. Furnance firing
All the time this huge heat energy is not required and if it
is not controlled then may result in disaster.
Also, they are used when the continuously operating thermal plants go
into overhauling.
This is possible due to the less start up time required by hydro power
stations which is normally in few minutes as compared to thermal
power plant which is more than 8 hours.
Dams are extremely expensive to build and must be built to a very high
standard.
People living in villages and towns that are in the valley to be flooded,
must move out.
rectif ier
DC/DC
converter
DC/AC
inverter
utility line
rectifier
DC/DC
converter
DC-DC
Converter
DC/AC
inverter
DC load
battery
AC load
Wind Generator
Wind Zones in
India
India has the fifth largest installed wind power capacity in the
world.
The strength of the wind is not constant and it varies from zero
to storm force.
This means that wind turbines do not produce the same amount
of electricity all the time.
Solar Energy
A photovoltaic cell is the basic device that converts solar radiation into
electricity.
Only a small part of the radiant energy that the sun emits into space
ever reaches the Earth, but that is more than enough to supply all our
energy needs. The energy which reaches earth surface is taken as 1
KW/ sq.m approximately
Applications
Single Line
Representation
of
Power System
UPS
An uninterruptible power supply (ups) is a device that has
an alternate source of energy that can provide power when
the primary power source is temporarily disabled.
The switchover time must be small enough to not cause a
disruption in the operation of the loads.
It protects against multiple types of power disturbances.
and power outage
Offers protection against :
Equipment not operating properly
Computer and equipment damage
Data loss
Time and expense to recover back to where you were,
if even possible
AUTOMATIC
SWITCH
AC SUPPLY
CONVERTER
AC TO DC
INVERTER
DC TO AC
BATTERY
INVERTER FAIL
CRITICAL
LOAD
(AC)
AUTOMATIC
SWITCH
AC SUPPLY
CONVERTER
AC TO DC
CRITICAL
LOAD
(AC)
INVERTER
DC TO AC
BATTERY
AC FAIL
80
CONVERTER - AC TO DC
Surge Protection Devices (SPD) - Protects against SPIKES and
TRANSIENTS
BATTERY
STORED ENERGY DEVICE - Protects against
INTERRUPTIONS
INVERTER DC TO AC
WAVEFORM SYNTHESIS Protects against DC OFFSET and
INTERHARMONICS
FILTER Protects against HARMONICS, NOTCHING and
NOISE
VOLTAGE REGULATOR Protects against SAGS, SURGES
and FLUCTUATIONS
82
Battery Safety
MAINTENANCE
INSPECT PERIODICALLY
REPLACE AS NEEDED
RISKS
ACID
ELECTRIC SHOCK
BURN
FLYING, MOLTEN METAL (EYES)
INJURIES RESULTING FROM CARRYING HEAVY BATTERY PACKS
DISPOSAL
DISPOSE OF PROPERLY
RECYCLE WHENEVER POSSIBLE
83
Earthing
BLOCK DIAGRAM
Importance of Earthing
Necessity of Earthing:
To protect the operating personnel from danger of shock
in case they come in contact with the charged frame due
to defective insulation.
To maintain the line voltage constant under unbalanced
load condition.
Protection of the equipments
Protection of large buildings and all machines fed from
overhead lines against lightning.
Methods of Earthing:
Plate earthing
Pipe earthing
Strip or wire earthing
Rod earthing
Earth wire :
1. Earth wire is actually connected to the general mass of the earth and
metallic body of the equipment.
2. It is provided to transfer any leakage current from the metallic body to
the earth.
Protective Devices
Short circuit
a. In this phenomenon, the current is diverted from its desired path.
b. Its magnitude may be 10 to 20 times full load current and power
losses are 100 to 400 times the normal value.
c. During short circuit, the rate of heat dissipation is very low or nil,
but the rate of rise of conductor temperature is very high
2.Overload
a. Any increase in the conductor temperature
above the recommended maximum temperature of associated
insulation is called as an overload.
b. If insulation fails, it will result in short circuit.
c. Overload is a very slow process and is not a
fault, but may lead to fault.
3.Earth faults.
a. Leakage currents are of small magnitude in
milliamperes or a few amperes.
b. Due to small magnitudes, earth leakage currents are
not detected by overload or SC protecting devices.
c. If not detected it may result into local heating and short
circuits.
d. These leakage currents if flowing through human
body, even for few seconds, may prove to be fatal for human
being.
The
Fuse
It
The material used for fuse wires must have the following characteristics :
Low melting point
Low ohmic losses
High conductivity
Lower rate of deterioration
1.
2.
3.
7. Solenoid
8. Arc divider/extinguisher
4.
5.
6.