NANOELECTRONICS

Single Electron
Transistor

SUBMITTED TO:
Mr. Nishant Singh
Faculty of Electronics Dept.

SUBMITTED BY:
Vijay Verma
Roll No. : 95/6155
BTBTE09067

Nano:
It is derived from a greek
word NANOS which means
DWARF .
In the metric system, nano
refers to 10-9 or
1/1,000,000,000 of one meter .

Nanotechnology:
Nanotechnology is the branch of science and
engineering which deals with the creation of materials,
devices, and systems through the manipulation of
individuals atoms and techniques.

It is basically a technique that enables the miniaturization

of electronics products below 100 nm.

These days, nanotechnology has a wide area of applications.

Some of its applications are in:
Biotechnology
Electronics
Chemistry
Computing
Medicine
Physics

and many more..

Nanoelectronic
s

Nanoelectronics:
Nanoelectronics generally refers to semiconductor devices
that have been shrunk to the nanoscale.
It can also defined as the use of NANOTECHNOLOGY
on
electronics components especially on TRANSISTORS.
Present days transistors are also in the range of 45 nm, 32 nm, and
22 nm, but still they are not included in the category of
nanoelectronics because nanoelectronics often refer to transistor
devices that are so small that inter-atomic interactions and

quantum mechanical
extensively.

properties need to be studied

Moores Law:
According to this law, "The number of transistors that can be
placed inexpensively on an integrated circuit doubles
approximately every two years. This trend has continued for more
than half a century and is expected to continue until at least 2015
or 2020.

Moores Law

In 1965, Gordon Moore sketched out his prediction of the pace of

silicon technology. Decades later, Moores Law remains true, driven largely by
Intels unparalleled silicon expertise.

Nanoelectronics devices are of two types:

Solid-state quantum-effect nanoelectronic devices
Quantum Dots (or "artificial atoms"),
Resonant Tunneling Devices, and
Single-Electron Transistors (SETs).

Molecular electronic devices

Single Electron Transistor (SET):

It can be defined as a
switching device that uses
controlled electron tunneling
to amplify current or as a
device that exploits the
quantum effect of tunneling to
control and measure the
movement of single
electrons

Formation of SET:

A tunnel Junction and its schematic diagram

Formation of SET:
The SET is made by placing 2 tunnel junctions in series.
The 2 tunnel junction create what is known as a
Coulomb Island that electrons can only enter by
tunneling through one of the insulators.
This device has 3 terminals like the FETs.
The cap may seem like a third tunnel junction, but is much
thicker than the others so that no electrons could tunnel
through it.
The cap simply serves as a way of setting the electric charge
on the coulomb island.

Working:
In SET, the charge flows through the island in
quantized units.
For an electron to hop onto the island, its energy must
be greater than the COULOMB ENERGY.
When both the gate and bias voltages are zero,
electrons do not have enough energy to enter the island
and current does not flow.

Working Contd

When the bias voltage between gate and source is increased,

Electrons pass through the junction as their energy now
reaches the Coulomb Energy.

This effect is known as the Coulomb blockade, and t

critical voltage needed to transfer an electron onto the island,
equal to e/2C, is called the Coulomb gap voltage.

For Function:
Capacitance of the junction must be less than 10-17 Farads.
Size must be smaller than 10 nm.

To make a significant contribution in coulomb energy

the wavelength of the electron must be of the size of a dot.

The Coulomb

Application of SET:
Supersensitive Electrometer
DC Current Standards
Temperature Standards
Detection of Infrared Radiation
Voltage State Logics
Charge State Logics
Programmable Single Electron Transistor Logic

Advantages:
Small size
Low energy consumption
High sensitivity

Disadvantages:
Lithography Techniques
Background Charge
Co tunneling
Room Temperature Operation
Linking SETs with the Outside Environment

Conclusion:
Single Electronic Transistor (SET) has proved their value as tool
in scientific research. Researchers may someday assemble these
transistors into molecular versions of silicon chips , but there are
still formidable hurdles to cross.
SETs could be used for memory device, but even the latest SETs
suffer from offset charges, which means that the gate voltage
needed to achieve maximum current varies randomly from device
to device. Such fluctuations make it impossible to build complex
circuits, but the future does look bright for these devices.

References:
www.guo.ece.ufl.edu/project6.ppt
www.eng.buffalo.edu/courses/ee240/studentprojects/
.../group6.
ppt
www.scribd.com/doc/.../Single-ElectronTransistor-INTERRA-PPT
www.slideworld.com/pptslides.../single-electrontransistor
www.faculty.uml.edu/jtherrien/Classes/QE/Files/Final
_Set_1.ppt
www.en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coulomb_blockade
www.pavel.physics.sunysb.edu/~likharev/personal/P
IEE99.pdf
www.findebookee.com/p/ppt-on-single-electrontransistor
www.webopedia.com/TERM/S/single_electron_tra

Thank
You

Queries???