and

Politic
s

{
Presenters:
Hafiz Ahmad Ali
Hijab Fatima
M Ayaz Khan

Power

Power is the ability to..

1. Get someone to do something you want done.
2. Make things happen in the way you want.

Power is the opportunity to build, to create to

nudge history in a different direction.

Richard Nixon

Bases of Power

Reward Power

Coercive Power

Legitimate Power

Expert Power

Referent

 Reward Power

Compliance achieved based on the ability to distribute rewards that

others view as valuable

Coercive Power

A power base dependent on fear due to As power over B .

Legitimate Power
The power a person receives as a result of his or her structural
position in the formal hierarchy of an organization.

Expert Power
Influence based on special skills or knowledge.

Referent Power
Influence based on possession by an individual of desirable resources
or personal traits.

Dependency: The Key to Power

The general equation of dependency is

The more B is dependent on A, the more power A has over B.

If a person has anything that the other person wants, then he
has more power over him.

Dependency is inversely proportional to the source of supply.

More the supply of resources, less is dependency and vice

versa.

thats why most suppliers have more than one suppliers, rather
than depending on a single supplier.

Factors
Responsible for
Dependency

Three factors are responsible for

dependency:

Importance: The more important a

thing, more dependency it creates.

Scarcity: More scarce a resource, more

dependency it creates.

Non-substitutability: When a resource

has no practical substitute, the
dependency on that resource increases.

Power Tactics

Using power to achieve the desired effect over other

people is a challenge faced by most of the managers.

The most common strategies to implement relational

effect are..

Reason: Use of facts and data to present your ideas

logically.
Friendliness: Use of flattery, creation of goodwill, acting
humble, and being friendly.
Coalition: Getting the support of other people in the
organization.

Cont

Bargaining: Use of negotiation.

Assertiveness: Use of forceful approach

Higher authority: Getting the support of higher level

members of the organization.

Sanctions: Use of rewards and punishments derived by the

organization.

Individual use the above strategies according to the situational

factor.

1.

The managers relative power also affect the selection of techniques in

two ways:

2.

Manager with greater power use more techniques than manger with
less power.

3.

Manager with power use aggressiveness more frequently than manager

with less power.

Manager use many power tactics like

1. When they want benefits from a superior, they use friendliness.
2. When they want superiors to accept new ideas, the user
friendliness.
3. Managers use reason to make employees accept new ideas and
friendliness to obtain favor.

Contingencies approach of Power

Relevance
Visibility

Flexibility

Centrality

Contingencies
of Power

Criticality

CHARACTERISTIC

DEFINITION

EXAMPLE

Centrality

Relationship among positions More-central positions will have

in a communication network greater power.

Criticality

Relationships among tasks

performed in a workflow
process

Positions responsible for the most

critical tasks will have more
power.

Flexibility

Amount of discretion in
decision making, work
assignments, and so on

More-autonomous positions will

have more power.

Visibility

Degree to which task

More-visible positions will have
performance is seen by higher more power.
management in the
organization

Relevance

Relationship between tasks

and high-priority
organizational goals

Positions most closely related to

important goals will have more
power.

Organizational Politics

Organizational politics involve those activities by

organization to acquire, develop, and use power and
other resources to obtain ones preferred outcome in a
situation in which there is uncertainty or dissent about
choices.

focused on the use of power to affect decision making in

an organization or on behaviors by members that are selfserving and organizationally non-sanctioned.

Politics: Power in Action

Political Behavior
. Activities that are not required as part of ones
formal role in the organization, but that
influence, or attempt to influence, the
distribution of advantages or disadvantages
within the organization.
2.
Reasons : Shared facts & scarcity of resources.
1.

Legitimate Political
Behavior

Illegitimate Political
Behavior

Normal everyday
politics.

Extreme political behavior

that violates the implied
rules of the game.

Source: Adapted from G.F. Cavanagh, D. Moberg, and M.

Valasquez, The Ethics of Organizational Politic, Academy
of Management Review, July 1981, p. 368. Reprinted with
permission.

Zootopia

Conclusion

Thank You!
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