Voltage sag and Its Mitigation Devices in

Distribution Network
Presented by:
Suresh Kamble
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0.04

0.06

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0.15

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Guided by:
Dr. C.S. Thorat
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Principal
Government Polytechnic, Nagpur

Dr. BABASAHEB AMBEDKAR MARATHWADA UNIVERSITY, AURANGABAD

Research Centre
Government College of Engineering, Aurangabad
1

Content of the Presentation

Introduction
Characterization of Voltage Sags
Voltage Sag Detection Methods
Classification of Voltage Sag due to short-circuit
Faults
Effect of Voltage Sags on Induction Motor
Effect of Voltage Sags on AC ASDs
Dynamic Voltage Restorer
Future Work

Introduction
Power quality related issues are of most concern now a
days.
Due to widespread use of electronic and powerelectronic
based equipment such as:
Information technology equipment,
Adjustable speed drive,
Programmable Logic controller (PLC),
Energy-efficient lighting.

Introduction

cont

Financial impacts of poor PQ for customers

The European Power Quality survey report declared that
PQ problems cause a financial loss of more than 150
billion Euros per year in the (European union) EU-25
countries.
The survey was done over two years period during 20032004 among 62 companies from different industries and
service sectors.
Figure 1.2 shows the percentage shares of total financial
losses on various PQ aspects in the EU-25 countries.
4

Introduction

cont

Financial impacts of poor PQ for customers

cont..

Figure 1.2: Percentage share of PQ and Interruption Costs

EU-25 Countries
5

What is Power Quality?

UTILITY:
A utility may define power quality as reliability and
shows statistics demonstrating that its system is 99.98
percent reliable.
MANUFACTURER:

A manufacturer of load equipment may define power

quality as those characteristics of the power supply that
enable the equipment to work properly. These
characteristics can be very different for different criteria.
CUSTOMER:

One aspect of common agreement power quality is

ultimately a consumer driven issue, i.e. the customers
point of view is determinant for indicating the quality of
the power.
6

Definitions of Power Quality

As per the IEEE Standard 1100:

Power quality is the concept of

powering
and
grounding
sensitive
equipment in a matter that is suitable
to
the operation of that equipment.
As per the IEC-61000-1-1: (International Electrotechnical Commission)
Electromagnetic compatibility is the
ability of an equipment or system to
function
satisfactorily
in
its
electromagnetic environment without
introducing intolerable electromagnetic
disturbances
to
anything
in
that
environment.
7

Definitions of Power Quality

cont

Generally the power quality defined as:

Any
power
problem
manifested
in
voltages,
current,
or
frequency
deviations that results in failure or
misoperation of customer equipment.
Quality Power Supply?
Refers to:

Uninterrupted supply of power

with sinusoidal
voltage and current waveform.

at acceptable frequency and

voltage magnitude.
8

Different Power Quality Issues

Transients
Impulsive
Oscillatory
Long Duration Voltage Variation

Wave Distortion
Harmonics
Inter-harmonics
Notching
Noise

Short Duration Voltage Variation

Voltage Unbalance
Voltage Fluctuations
(Flicker)
Power frequency Variation

Over voltage
Under voltage
Sustained interruption

Sag
Swell
Interruptions

Common PQ Problem at Distribution Network

Most common problems at distribution side:
Fig. resembles most of power quality problem, commonly occurring
at distribution system
Voltage
Sag

Transie
nts

Flicker
s

Powe
r
Quali
ty

Voltage
Swell

Harmon
ics

Power Quality Disturbances

rding to IEEE standard - 1159-1995

1.

Categories
Transients

Spectral content

Duration

Magnitudes

1.1 Impulsive
1.1.1 Nanoseconds

5-ns rise

<50 ns

1.1.2 Microseconds

1-s rise

50 ns-1ms

1.1.3 Milliseconds

0.1-ms rise

>1 ms

< 5 kHz
5-500 kHz
0.5-5 MHz

0.3-50 ms
20 s
5 s

1.2 Oscillatory
1.2.1 Low frequency
1.2.2 Medium frequency
1.2.3 High frequency
2.0 Short duration variations

0-4 pu
0-8 pu
0-4 pu

2.1 Instantaneous
2.1.1 Interruption

0.5-30 cycles

< 0.1 pu

2.1.2 Sag (dip)

0.5-30 cycles

0.1-0.9 pu

2.1.3 Swell

0.5-30 cycles

1.1-1.8 pu

2.2.1 Interruption

30 cycles-3s

< 0.1 pu

2.2.2 Sag (dip)

30 cycles-3s

0.1-0.9 pu

2.2.3 Swell

30 cycles-3s

1.1-1.4 pu

2.2 Momentary

Power Quality Issues

cont

Short duration voltage variation: Three Types

1. interruption, 2. Sag and 3. Swell.
Each type can be designated as instantaneous(0.01-0.5
sec), momentary (0.5-3 sec) or temporary (3-60 sec)
. Interruption : a reduction in the supply voltage, or load
current, to a level less than 10% for a time duration
less than 1 minute.
. Voltage sags: Decrease to between 10 to 90% in rms
voltage at the power frequency for durations from
0.5
cycles to 1 minute.
. Voltage swell: An increase in rms voltage in the range of
110 to 180% for duration from 0.5 cycles to 1 minute.

Power Quality Issues

cont

Long duration voltage variations:

voltage deviation longer than 1 min.
Three types:
Overvoltage: An increase in the rms ac voltage between
110 to 120% for duration more than 1 minute
Undervoltage: A decrease in rms ac voltage to less than
90% at power frequency for duration more than 1 minute
Sustained interruption: When voltage is zero for
duration more than 1 minute.

Power Quality Issues

cont

Voltage imbalance:
Deviation of each phase from the average voltage of
all three phases.
Most equipment can tolerate voltage imbalance of 2%.
Waveform distortion:
Steady-state deviation from an ideal sine wave of
power frequency.
5 primary types of waveform distortion:
DC offset, Harmonics, Inter-harmonics, Notching
and Noise.

Power Quality Issues

cont

DC offset: Presence of a dc voltage or current in an AC

system.
Harmonics: caused Periodic sinusoidal distortions of the
supply voltage or load current by non-linear loads.
Inter-harmonics: Caused by waveforms that have frequency
components that are not integral multiples of the fundamental
frequency, 50Hz.
Notching: It is a periodic voltage disturbance caused by
normal operation of power electronic devices when current is
commutated from one phase to another (two phases of supply
are effectively short-circuited for a short time).
Electrical Noise: Caused by a low voltage, high frequency
(but lower than 200Hz) signal superimposed on 50Hz
fundamental waveform.

Classification of Power Quality

Disturbances

Figure below describe graphically representation of the

various power quality issues defined by IEEE Std. 1159
1995.

16

Voltage Sags
The voltage sags as defined by IEEE (IEEE Std 1346-1998)

A decrease in RMS voltage down to 90% to 10% of

nominal voltage for a time greater than 0.5 cycles of the
power frequency , but less than or equal to 1 minute.
As per the International Electrotechnical Commission,
(IEC 61000-2-1, 1990)

A voltage dip is a sudden reduction of the voltage at a

point in the electrical system, followed by a voltage
recovery after a short period of time, from half a cycle
to a few seconds.
Voltage sag is an alternative name for the voltage dip
17

Voltage Sag

cont

Figure 1.4: Voltage Sag: (a) Voltage Waveform, (b) RMS Voltage
18

Voltage Sags - Causes

There are various causes of voltage sag in power system.
Voltage sag can caused by faults on the transmission &
Distribution System or by switching of loads with large
amounts of initial starting or inrush current such as motors,
transformers, & large d.c power supply
Power system fault
Energizing of transformers
Starting of large motors
Switching, considerably large and sudden
changes in loading
19

Voltage Sag Mitigation Solutions

To solve voltage sag problems, four levels of solutions have
been proposed as shown in figure 1.6.
It is generally less expensive to implement the solutions at
the lowest level, close to the load.

Figure 1.6: Approaches for Voltage Sag Solutions

20

Voltage Sag Mitigation Solutions

cont

1. The first level is when

manufacturer
improve
the
voltage tolerance capability or
immunity of their equipment
according to the specifications
given by customers.
2. The second level is when a type of power conditioning or
mitigation equipment is installed at the interface of the
power supply and the sensitive equipment.
3. If a whole section of the facility requires protection, the third
level is reached by installing higher rated power conditioning
equipment that is able to sustain the load for a brief duration of
interruption.
21

Voltage Sag Mitigation Solutions

cont

4. The fourth level requires the

network to be altered so that the
severity of voltage sags can be
reduced.

The different technologies available should be evaluated based

on the specific requirements of the process to determine the
optimum solutions for improving the overall voltage sag
performance. The following are the different solutions will be
needed for different applications for voltage sag mitigation
22

Voltage Sag Mitigation Solutions

cont

The following are the different solutions will be needed for different
applications for voltage sag mitigation.
Some of them are discuss in this thesis
1. Motor-Generator Sets
2. Transformer-based Solution:
Ferro-resontant Transformer & Transformer with static Tap-changer
3. Power Electronic based Solution:
. Active Series Compensator
. Uninterruptible Power Supply (UPS)
. Solid State Transfer Switch (SSTS)
. Distribution Static Compensator (D-SATACOM)
. Dynamic Voltage Restorer (DVR)
23

Voltage Sag Mitigation Devices at Power Distribution System

Custom Power Devices
Dynamic Voltage
Restorer

Application
Voltages sag and swell compensation.
Voltage Regulation
Voltage balancing
Voltage sags/or flicker compensation

Distribution Static

Reactive power compensation

Compensator

Elimination of current harmonics

Load current balancing

Solid State Transfer

Switch

Interruption protection
Voltage sag and swell protection
Current limiting

Solid-State Transfer-Switch (SSTS)

SSTS are the most popular
Custom Power solution, with
installations
reported
in
distribution systems feeding
different
industries, e.g.
chemical, plastic film and
automobile
manufacturing
plants.
In the majority of these cases, the transfer switches are employed
for mitigating disturbances in production due to voltage sags
and
momentary interruptions in the distribution network.
The idea behind the transfer-switch is to change automatically
the feeding system to the load from a
preferred source to an
alternative source, as shown in figure.

Solid-State Transfer-Switch (SSTS)

Each time a fault condition is
detected in the main feeder,
the control system swaps the
firing signals to the thyristor
in both switches.
Example, Switch 1 in the
primary source is deactivated
and Switch 2 in the
alternative source is activated.

cont

Fig: Single-phase diagram of Solid-State Transfer Switch Scheme

The transfer time of the SSTS ranges from 1/4 to 1/2 cycle of the
fundamental frequency.
Thus, the loads only suffer the voltage sag for this transfer time,
which most of the loads can tolerate.

Disadvantages of Static Transfer-Switch (STS)

If both primary and alternative feeders are supplied from a
common transmission system, it is probable that faults in the
transmission systems will originate voltage sags at both
feeders and the SSTS becomes less effective.
The transfer algorithm must be able to distinguish between
a disturbance & transients caused by normal operation of the
system, e.g. connection of capacitor banks.
A large phase-shift between the primary and alternative
feeder voltages can make the transfer not recommended if the
load is
sensitive to phase-angle variations, e.g. large
synchronous motors, cycloconverters and thyristor rectifiers.

Disadvantages of Static Transfer-Switch (STS)

The transfer switch must be able to operate between specified
ranges of power factor, load current magnitude and subjected to
harmonics in the load voltage and current. These factors impose
some difficulties to the firing control and the current
measurement units.
another disadvantage of the STS is that the thyristors conduct at
normal operation. This leads to conduction losses and need for
cooling systems, increasing costs and the required physical
installation .
High investment costs.

Distribution Static Compensator (D-STATCOM)

D-STATCOM is a shunt connected device that has the same
structure as that of a STATCOM is an imperative member in
FACTS controller, often used in transmission line.
STATCOM installed in distribution side of a power system
network or nearer to the load terminal is called D- STATCOM.
It protects the distribution system from voltage sags and/or
flicker caused by rapidly varying reactive current demand.
In utility applications, a D-STATCOM provides leading or
lagging reactive power to achieve system stability during
transient.

D-STATCOM

cont

D-STATCOM is shunt connected

device, with the distribution
system and the load, mainly
injects reactive power to the
system.
Fig: Single Line Diagram for D-STATCOM

The D-STATCOM also can be used in the function:

Voltage regulation and compensation of reactive power
Correction of power factor
Elimination of current harmonics

D-STATCOM

cont

Disadvantages of D-STATCOM

The VSC used in D-STATCOM controllers create

larger switching frequency losses that decreases it
efficiency.
Additionally, the performance of a device decrease
significantly with the addition of negative sequence
components in the system.
This is a problem because more control circuitry must
be implemented in this case, which adds to the
complexity and price of the controller .

Dynamic Voltage Restorer (DVR)

The DVR can be seen as a
voltage source due to it
injects voltage in series
with the distribution
system and load.

Depending on the voltage demand of the load during a

voltage sag, the DVR can inject the voltage with
controllable magnitude, phase angle and frequency to
restore the voltage of the load to the value before the sag.
The disadvantage of the DVR is that it cannot protect the load
against the interruptions due to it is a series device.

This Thesis presents modeling, analysis and simulation

of a Dynamic Voltage Restorer for voltage sag mitigation
at distribution system by using MATLAB/SIMULINK
software.

33

Cost of Custom Power Devices

The cost of a CPD device has two components:
1.Initial installation costs and 2. Operating expenses
The initial installation cost includes:
. The purchase price of the complete system
. Delivery
. Installation charges,
. Professional fees and sales tax.
The total installation cost can be expressed as a function of rated
electrical capacity of CPD device.
The other cost component, operating expenses, is incurred over the
lifetime of the system.

Cost of Custom Power Devices

cont

Operating costs include:

Maintenance and service, Insurance and any applicable taxes.
A rule of thumb estimate for annual operating expenses is 5% to
10% of the initial system cost.
A typical cost structure for CPD could be laid out as in figure

Fig: Cost of CPD Devices

Cost of Custom Power Devices

cont

The cost of DVR depends on many factors, such as power rating,

type of device, system voltage, system requirement,
environmental condition, regulatory requirement etc.
Due to variety of options available for optimum design renders,
it is impossible to give a cost figure for a DVR and its
installation.
However, in some reports the approximate price of this device
is

DVR

Medium
voltage/utility
level/facility level

$ 300-500/KVA

Upto
10 MVA

Motivation in the Project

Although the supply is not interrupted the consumer

experiences a disturbance that causes an outage of the entire plant
There are also very sensitive loads such as medical
equipments , processing plants, air traffic control, financial
institutions, etc. that require uninterrupted and clean power.
Due to the increased use of modern equipment, the industrial
process becomes very sensitive to voltage sags.

37

Motivation in the Project

cont

Effect of Sag on the some of the sensitive equipment are as follows:

Mal-operation of Computers and process-control equipment

Tripping of Motor contactors and Electromechanical Relay

Incorrect operation of control & protective devices

Mal-operation or tripping of Adjustable speed Drives

PLC used to control dc and ac drives shuts down

Failure of Inverter

There are a numbers of reasons that the modern equipment fails

during voltage sags.
However, the most obvious reason is that the voltage during a fault
condition is not able to provide sufficient energy to the equipment.
38

Motivation in the Project

cont

Financial losses due to voltage sag in industries

Financial loss due to sags can show up in many aspects of
industrial and commercial operations, such as loss of revenue, lost
opportunities, product damage, wasted energy and decreased
equipment life, field services warranty work, manufacturing
interruptions, loss of productivity, etc

Figure 1.3: Financial Losses in Different Sectors due to Voltage Sags

39

Objectives of Project
The objectives of the project are as follows:
To study the different voltage sag detection methods in
distribution systems.
To model the actual distribution system for voltage sag
analysis.
Study of the types and characteristics of voltage sag in
distribution system.
Study of voltage sag effects on electrical equipments.
Comparative study of different mitigation techniques of
voltage sag.
40

Main Contributions of the Thesis

The main achievements of the work can be summarized as
follows:
33/11 KV distribution system is modeled in
MATLAB/SIMULINK software.
The parameters used to characterize voltage sag are
magnitude, duration and phase angle jump. The case study is
carried out for characterization of voltage sags during the
short circuit faults in the 33/11 KV distribution network.
For three phase voltage sag classification the Symmetrical
component method is implemented for distribution system
analysis.
41

Main Contributions of the Thesis

cont..

Thesis presents a new algorithm for rapid voltage sag

detection. The algorithm has the ability to track the
amplitude of the voltage sag in real time.
The algorithm is compared to existing voltage sag
detection methods, with
RMS voltage detection method,
Peak voltage detection method and Discrete Fourier
Transform method.
The effects of voltage sag on the performances of
Induction motor and IM-drive are studied on the same
distribution system.
A reliable voltage sag mitigation technique is developed
42
for considered distribution system.

Performance Analysis
Distribution system study is carried out for detection,
characterization, and
classification of voltage sags at
different locations, during short circuit faults within system.
The performance of induction motor and drives studied
under different voltage sag conditions.
In order to overcome the voltage sag problems the
Dynamic Voltage Restorer (DVR), which is the most
efficient and effective modern custom power device used in
power distribution networks.
43

33/11 KV Distribution Substation

Figure 4.1: Single Line Diagram of the 33/11 KV Distribution

Substation

44

33/11 KV Distribution System model

The express feeder for Bajaj Hospital has been selected for
demonstrating the practical case study in this thesis.
The system is modeled using the MATLAB/SIMULINK.

T1

T2

Load

Figure 4.2: Simulink Model of the Distribution Network

45

Characterization of Voltage Sags

The parameters used to characterize voltage sag are:
Magnitude
Duration
Phase angle jump
Point-on-wave sag initiation.

46

Voltage Sags Magnitude

1.3
1.2
Threshold voltage V=90%

Voltage Magnitude (pu)

1
0.8
0.6

Depth

Duration
sag end

Sag start

0.4
0.2
0
0.02

Sag magnitude or Retained volatge

0.04

0.06

0.08
0.1
Time (seconds)

0.12

0.14

0.16

Magnitude of the sag is considered as the residual voltage

or remaining voltage during the event.
In the case of a three-phase system, the lowest remaining
voltage in any of the phases can be used to characterize the
sag
47

Voltage Sags Duration

1.3
1.2
Threshold voltage V=90%

Voltage Magnitude (pu)

1
0.8
0.6

Depth

Duration
sag end

Sag start

0.4
0.2
0
0.02

Sag magnitude or Retained volatge

0.04

0.06

0.08
0.1
Time (seconds)

0.12

0.14

0.16

The duration of voltage sag is mainly determined by the

faultclearing time.
The duration of a voltage sag is the time during which the
voltage magnitude is below threshold is typically chosen as
90% of the nominal voltage magnitude.
48

Phase Angle Jump

Instantaneous Voltage in pu

point-on-wave
sag initiation

Va-fault
Va-pre-fault

Phase angle jump

0.5
0
-0.5
-1
0.03

0.035

0.04

0.045

0.05

0.055
0.06
Time in seconds

0.065

0.07

0.075

0.08

Figure 3.3: Phase-angle Jump and point-on-Wave Sag Initiation.

Short circuit faults causes a drop in voltage, also change in

phase angle of the voltage.
Phase angle are not concern for most equipment. But power
electronic converters using phase angle information for
their firing instants may be affected.
49

Point-on-wave Initiation
The point-on-wave
initiation is the phase
angle of the fundamental
wave at which the
voltage sag starts.

Instantaneous Voltage in pu

point-on-wave
sag initiation

Phase angle jump

0.5
0
-0.5
-1
0.03

0.035

0.04

0.045

0.05

0.055
0.06
Time in seconds

Figure point-on-Wave Sag Initiation.

This angle corresponds to the angle at which the shortcircuit fault occurs.
Point-on-wave values are usually expressed in degrees
or radians
50

Simulation Results of Characterization of Voltage Sag due

to L-L Fault
Phase-to-Phase fault created between phases A and B
Phase-A
Phase-B
Phase-C

Voltage in pu

Sag recorded at load side:

The phase voltages drop in
magnitude
Va = Vc = 0.15pu, and
Vb drops to zero

LL Fault between A-B

1.5

0.5
0
-0.5
-1
-1.5

0.02

0.04

0.06

0.08

0.12

0.14

0.16

0.18

0.2

LLF: Voltage Magnitude

1.1
1
0.9
0.8

Voltage in pu

The duration of voltage sag

phases A, B & C are:
Phase A= 8.975 ms
Phase B= 10.173 ms
Phase C = 8.6 ms

0.1

Time in seconds
(a)

0.7
0.6

Va-AlG
Vb-ALG
Vc-ALG
Va-RMS
Vb-RMS
Vc-RMS

0.5
0.4
0.3
0.2
0.1
0

0.04

0.06

0.08

0.1

0.12

0.14

0.16

0.18

Time in seconds
(b)

Fig. 4.12: Characterization for Phase-to-Phase Fault:

(a) Three Phase Voltage Waveform, (b) Sag Magnitude
51

Characterization due to L-L Fault

LLF-phase angle jump, phase A

-55

Phase-A

-60

LLF-phase angle jump, phase B

90

Phase-C

85

-65

Angle in Degree

The phase-angle jumps for

faulted phase A and phase
B are (- 30) and (+ 30)
degree.

cont

80

-70
-75

75

- 30

-80

+ 30

70

-85

65

-90
60

-95
-100

0.04

0.06

0.08

0.1

0.12

0.14

0.16

0.18

55

0.04

0.06

0.08

Time in seconds
(c)

0.1

0.12

0.14

0.16

Time in seconds
(c)

The point-on-wave sags initiation are recorded at the load side as

shown in figure
1

LL fault-Point-on-wave-Phase-A

Point-on-wave sag
initiation at (30.19)

Voltage in pu

0.5

LL fault-Point-on-wave-Phase-B

Phase-B

0.5

Point-on-wave sag
initiation at (270)

-0.5

-0.5

-0.5

0.035

0.04

0.045

Time in seconds
(d)

Phase-A
-1
0.05
0.0550.03

0.035

0.04

0.045

Time in seconds
(d)

0.05

Phase-C

0.5

-1
0.03

LL fault-Point-on-wave-Phase-C

-1
0.0550.03

Point-on-wave sag
initiation at (151.12)

0.035

0.04

0.045

Time in seconds
(d)

0.05

0.055

52

0.18

Characterization of Sag

cont

Table 4.1: Shows the Simulation Results for

Characterization of Sag for LG, LL, LLG, LLG Faults

53

VOLTAGE SAG DETECTION METHODS

54

VOLTAGE SAG DETECTION METHODS

Convention Methods:
RMS Voltage Detection Method
Peak Voltage Detection Method
Discrete Fourier Transform (DFT) Method
Proposed Detection Algorithm

Disadvantages of Convention Methods:

The problem with these methods is that they use a
windowing technique and since they use historical value, not
instantaneous value which may lead to long detection time
when voltage sag has occurred, so the transient
response is
slow.
These methods are that a window of historical data has to be
obtained, processed and then only can a mitigation signal
be sent to the hardware, therefore too slow when applied to
detect voltages sags for mitigation.
These methods does not distinguish between fundamental
frequency, harmonics or noise components, therefore
accuracy will depend of the harmonics and noise contents.

Disadvantages of Convention Methods

cont

These methods performs well for estimation of periodic

signals in stationary state; however it doesn't perform well
for detection of sudden or fast changes in waveform e.g.
transients (non-stationary signals)
The point on wave of initiation and recovery of the sag is
also not clear.
When using rms technique phase-angle information is lost.
Therefore, transformer saturation, induction motor starting
and capacitor switching can not be distinguished accurately.
Due to use of a low-pass filter and instantaneous reactive
power theory to extract the voltage sag, this is complex for
implementation in a digital signal processor.

Advantages of Proposed Algorithm

Simple structure.
Low computational requirements, hence easily
implemented in hardware and software.
High degree of noise immunity and robustness.
High speed.
No windowing of data required.
Effectiveness in tracking large variations in parameters.
Phase lock loop is not required
Less processing power is required as compared to
conventional methods

RMS Voltage Detection Method

Voltage signals are recorded as sampled points in time and the RMS
value of a sampled time-domain signal is calculated using equation

Vrms

1
N

vi
i 1

where
N -- Number of samples per cycle
vi -- Magnitudes of sampled signal

RMS values continuously calculated for a moving window of

the input voltage samples provide a convenient measure of the
magnitude evolution, because they express the energy contents N
samples per cycle or half-cycle. The resulting rms value at
sampling instant k can be calculated by

1
Vrms[k ]
N

N 1

2
v
[k i ]

i 0

59

RMS Voltage Detection Method

Equation illustrates a Z-domain representation for the voltage
RMS magnitude evaluation using moving window

S[k ] v [k ] v [k N ] S[k 1]
2

Vrms[k]

V[k]

S[k]
Filter

Fig. Block diagram for RMS Voltage Detection Method

60

Peak Voltage Detection Method

Voltage sag can be detected by calculating the peak value of
the signal waveform.
Sinusoidal voltage waveform is used for peak voltage
estimation. Assume that the input voltage Vi(t) is given by

Vi (t ) Vp sin(t )

Vp -peak value of the input voltage

The output voltage of the detector is equal to the

peak value of the input voltage

Vo (t ) k 1Vp

k1 -- is the multiplication factor of

the square root circuit
Vp -- peak value of the signal
61

Peak Voltage Detection Method

Fig. Simulink Model of Peak Voltage Detection Method.

62

Discrete Fourier Transform Method

By applying Fourier transform to each supply phase,
It obtain the magnitude and phase of each of the frequency
components of the supply waveform
The source voltage v(t) can be expressed by using the Fourier series

ao
v(t ) an cos n ot bn sin n ot
2 n 0
n 0

Fig. Simulink Model of DFT Detection Method

63

Proposed Sag Detection Algorithm

This method has been developed to extract and estimate the
amplitude, frequency and phase of sinusoidal signal. This is
very effective method for extracting
single sinusoidal signal out

of a multi-component non-stationary input signal.

The dynamics of the algorithm present a notch filter in the
sense that it extracts one specific sinusoidal component and
rejects all other components, including noise.

Let V(t) represent a voltage signal

v(t ) Vi sin(t ) n(t )

i 0

n(t) disturbance or noise, Frequency, Phase angle

These parameters vary with time depending on load changes
and faults
64

Proposed Sag Detection Algorithm

cont..

Analyzing the equation for sag detection, we get the

important parameters are Magnitude, Frequency and Phase
angle

The governing set of equations for the algorithm is

Amplitude V k esin
1

Frequency k eV cos

Phase k eAcos
2

s (t ) V sin
e(t ) v(t ) s(t )
Where v(t) and s(t) are the input and output signals,
e(t) is the error signal of the Algorithm
65

Proposed Sag Detection Algorithm

cont..

Parameters k1, k2 and k3 are the positive numbers

that determine the behavior of the algorithm in terms
of speed and accuracy.
k1- controls the speed of the transient response of the
algorithm with respect to variations in the amplitude
of the interfering signal.
k2 and k3- mutually control the speed of the transient
response of the algorithm with respect to variations in
the frequency of the interfering signal.
66

Proposed Sag Detection Algorithm

cont..

The values of the k parameters have to be chosen such

that the two conditions of
2 f 0
0 k 2

and

V
1
0

are roughly satisfied. f0 - frequency of the sinusoidal

signal and V - is the amplitude

0 < k < 2f

The values of the K parameters were change to better suit the

application that presented.
This was done by a trial and error basis as there is no
specifications to determine the K parameters but only guidelines on
the ranges for certain functionalities & applications
67

Proposed Sag Detection Algorithm

cont..

The algorithm can be implemented in a simulink

v[n]

V[n]

e[n]

Discrete
Filter

Amplitude

s[n]

Frequency

Phase

Fig. Simulink Model of the Proposed Algorithm

68

33/11 kv Distribution System with Detection Methods

Fig. Simulation Block Diagram of 33/11 KV Distribution

System with Sag Detection Methods
69

Distribution system parameters

Sr.
Component
No
1
Source
2
3
4
5
6

Details

10 MVA, 33 KV, X/R=10

5 MVA, 33/11 KV, %Z=7.15,
Transformer T1
X/R=10, DYn11
750 KVA, 11/0.433 KV,
Transformer T2
%Z=5, X/R=6, DYn11
Line
0.6748+j0.372/km, 2km
Load
190 kw and 130 kvar
Frequency
50 Hz

70

Simulation Results for Sag Detection

The Simulations were carried out for comparing the
performance of different detection methods on 33/11 KV
Distribution System
To demonstrate the performance of the proposed
algorithm and to verify its ability of detecting voltage
sags.
In order to determine if the proposed algorithm is
suitable for voltage sag detection, it has to be compared
with RMS voltage, Peak voltage and DFT existing
methods of voltage sag detections.
71

Simulation Results

cont.

For simulation a single phase-to-ground fault

created on phase A, and phase voltages are
monitored at load side
A typical set of k parameters, used in the
simulations for voltage sag detections is
k1 = 400, k2 = 1200 and k3 = 0.8,
These parameters do not satisfy the above
conditions but it is found that the algorithm trace
the amplitude rapidly and accurately without any
oscillations
72

Three-phase waveform due to singlephase-to-ground fault

Phase-A
Phase-B
Phase-C

V o lta g e ( p .u )

0.5

-0.5

-1

0.05

0.1

0.15
Time (seconds)

0.2

0.25

0.3

(a) Three phase waveform

1.5

Voltage (p.u)

Input signal

0.5
0
-0.5
-1
-1.5
0

0.05

0.1

0.15
Time in seconds

0.2

0.25

0.3

(b) Input signal for phase A

73

Extracting input signal & amplitude tracking by Algorithm

1
Amplitude

Voltage (p.u)

0.5
0
-0.5
-1
0

Extracted signal
0.05

0.1

0.15
Time (seconds)

0.2

0.25

0.3

Extracted signal - shows that the algorithm is capable of

extracting sinusoidal component in highly noisy input signal.
Amplitude- the ability of the algorithm to track a voltage sag
in real time
74

Comparing RMS Voltage Sag Detection Method

with Algorithm
Algorithm detect sag

1
0.8

Sag thheshold V = 0.9 pu

RMS detect sag

0.6

Voltage in pu

0.4
0.2
0
-0.2
Duration RMS

-0.4
-0.6
-0.8

Duration ALG

VL
Valgorithm
Vrms

-1
0.08

0.1

0.12

0.14

0.16

0.18

0.2

0.22

0.24

Time in seconds

Algorithm detect sag at 109.5 ms & Duration- 98.0 ms

RMS voltage method at 116.7 ms & Duration 94.9 ms
The difference in detection time is 7.2 ms
75

Comparing Peak Voltage Sag Detection Method

with Algorithm
VL
Valgorithm
Vpeak

Voltage in pu

actual sag initiation at 0.108 s

1

Peak voltage detect sag

0.8

Algorithm detect sag

X: 0.163
Y: 0.571

0.6
0.4
0.2
0
0.08

0.09

0.1

0.11

0.12

0.13

0.14

0.15

0.16

0.17

0.18

Time in seconds

Algorithm detect sag at 109.5 ms

Peak voltage method at 114.0 ms
The difference in detection time is 4.5 ms
76

Comparing DFT and Algorithm for Voltage Sag

Detection
Algorithm detects sag

Voltage (p.u)

DFT detect sag

0.5
0
-0.5
-1
0.06

0.08

0.1

0.12
Time (seconds)

0.14

0.16

0.18

Algorithm detect sag at 109.5 ms

DFT method at 115.8 ms
The difference in detection time is 6.3 ms
77

CONCLUSION-DETECTION
The New algorithm was successfully tested for the
voltage sag detection on distribution network.
The simulation results illustrate the capability of the
proposed algorithm to detect voltage sag in real time.
The proposed algorithm has been compared with the
RMS voltage sag detection method, DFT, and peak
voltage.
Simulation results shows that the proposed algorithm
able to detect the sag faster than the conventional
methods.
The presented results demonstrate the effectiveness of
the proposed algorithm for voltage sag detection.
78

Classification of Voltage Sag due to Short-Circuit Faults

This thesis will discuss two methods for classification

of three-phase unbalanced voltage sags.
1. The ABC classification method and
2. Symmetrical component method
Both methods have been developed by Professor M.H.J
Bollen.

79

ABC Classification
The ABC classification distinguishes between seven types of
three-phase unbalanced voltage sags.
Solid line - voltage before Fault
Dashed line Voltage during
fault
E1 - Pre-fault voltage in the phase.
V* - The voltage in the faulted
phase or between the faulted
phases
Table 3.1: Seven Types of Three-Phase Unbalanced Voltage Sags
According to the ABC Classification

80

Symmetrical Component Classification

cont

The seven types A, B, C, D, E, F and G in the ABC

classification are classified into two more general types
C and D in the symmetrical component classification.
which are further subdivided into Ca, Cb, Cc, Da, Db,
and Dc, to include the symmetrical phase.
The type C and D in the symmetrical component
classification are slightly different from those in the ABC
classification.
The symmetrical component classification distinguishes
between sags with the main voltage drop in one phase
and sags with the main voltage drop between two
phases.
85

Symmetrical Component Classification

cont

Green line- Pre-fault phase voltage

Red line- Phase voltage during sag

Figure 3.10: Six types of 3-ph Unbalanced Voltage According to the

Symmetrical Components Method
86

Symmetrical Component Classification

Ca- main drop betn
phases B and C

Da- main drop in

phase A

Cb - main drop betn

phases A and C

Db main drop in
phase B

cont

Cc - main drop betn

phase A and B

Dc - main drop in
phase C

87

Simulation Results for Classification of

Voltage Sags

Figure 4.3:Single Line Diagram of Distribution System

It is assumed that a fault has occurred at position F, on

the
primary side of distribution transformer T2.
Fault duration from t = 0.045 to 0.0125 seconds (4
cycles).
Voltage sag was measured at the PCC1 and PCC2.
89

Results for Classification of Voltage Sags

cont
Voltage Sags of Type A: (PCC1)

The balanced voltage sags are caused by three phase

faults anywhere in the distribution system.
Balanced sags do not change when transferred through
a transformer, it is referred as type A.
3ph-voltage-LLLG-pcc1

Phase-A
Phase-B
Phase-C

1.5
1

Voltage in pu

0.5
0
-0.5
-1
-1.5
-2

0.02

0.04

0.06

0.08

0.1

0.12

0.14

0.16

0.18

0.2

Time in seconds
(a)

Figure Three Phase Voltage Waveforms at PCC1

90

Voltage Sags of Type A: (PCC1)

cont

phase-angle Jump-LLLG-pcc1

Phase-A
Phase-B
Phase-C

Phase-angle Jump (Degree)

150
100

Phase angle jumps are:

Phase A- (-76 )
Phase B - (-19 )
Phase C - (+75.6 )

50
0
-50
-100
-150
0.02

0.04

0.06

0.08

0.1

0.12

0.14

0.16

0.18

Time in seconds
(b)
Sequence Voltages-LLLG-pcc1

0.6

Positive
Negative
Zero

0.4
0.2
0
0.02

0.04

0.06

0.08

0.1

0.12

0.14

0.16

0.18

Time in seconds
(c)
Vchar/PN-LLLG-pcc1

0.8

V o ltag e in p u

Voltage in pu

0.8

there will be no negative and zerosequence components at pcc1,

Positive-sequence voltage decreases to
zero, and remains almost constant during
the fault.

0.6

0.4

0.2

0
0.02

Vchar
PN
0.04

0.06

0.08

0.1

0.12

0.14

0.16

V & F will be equal to the the affected

phases, both the values decreases to
zero

0.18

Time in seconds
(d)

Figure 4.15: Voltage Sag of Type A at PCC1: (b) Phase-angle Jump, (c) Sequence
Voltages, (d) Characteristic Voltage (solid line) and PN-factor (dashed line) 91

Voltage Sags of Type A: (PCC2)

After transferring Type A sag through DY

connected transformer, the results does
not shows any change in sag magnitude
and sequence voltages.
But there is change in phase angle jumps
occur due to transformer

3ph-voltage-LLLG-pcc2

Phase-A
Phase-B
Phase-C

1
0.8

V o ltag e in p u

0.6
0.4
0.2
0
-0.2
-0.4
-0.6
-0.8
-1
0

0.02

0.04

0.06

0.08

0.1

0.12

0.14

0.16

0.18

0.2

Time in seconds
(a)

Phase angle-LLLG-pcc2

200

cont

Phase-angle Jump (Degree)

150
100
50
0
-50
-100
Phase-A
Phase-B
Phase-C

-150
-200
0.02

0.04

0.06

0.08

0.1

0.12

0.14

0.16

0.18

Phase angle jumps are:

Phase A- (-76.9 ) ,Phase B - (+76.0)
Phase C - (+41.6 )

Time in seconds
(b)
Sequence Voltages -LLLG- pcc2

Voltage in pu

0.8
0.6

Positive
Negative
Zero

0.4
0.2

Positive-sequence voltage decreases to

zero, and same as at pCC1

0
0.02

0.04

0.06

0.08

0.1

0.12

0.14

0.16

0.18

Time in seconds
(c)

Figure 4.16: Voltage Sag of Type A at PCC2: (a) Voltage Waveforms, (b) Phase-angle
92
Jump, (c) Sequence Voltages.

Voltage Sags of Type B:

Single phase-to-ground fault created on phase A, at position F
and sag is monitor at the pcc1
3ph-voltage-SLG-pcc1

Phase-A
Phase-B
Phase-C

1.5

Voltage in pu

0.5

-0.5

-1

-1.5

0.02

0.04

0.06

0.08

0.1

0.12

0.14

0.16

0.18

The phase A voltage will drop to

zero and the phases B and C will
remains unchanged.
According to the classification, this
is sag type B or Da (Drop in ph-A)

0.2

Time in seconds
(a)
Phase angle jump-SLG-pcc1

100

Phase Angle Jump (Degree)

50

-50
Phase-A
Phase-B
Phase-C

-100

-150
0.02

0.04

0.06

0.08

0.1

0.12

0.14

0.16

0.18

During the sag the voltage in the

faulted phase A with a large phaseangle jump (-76.24)
whereas other two non-faulted
phases is almost not affected.

Time in seconds
(b)

Figure 4.17: Type B; due to Single-phase-to-ground fault (a) Voltage waveforms,

(b) Phase-angle jump
93

Voltage Sags of Type B

cont

Sequence voltage-SLG-pcc1

Voltage in pu

Positive

0.5

0
0.02

0.04

0.06

0.08

0.1

0.12

0.14

0.16

0.18

Voltage in pu

Negative

0.5

0
0.02

0.04

0.06

0.08

0.1

0.12

0.14

0.16

0.18

Voltage in pu

Zero

0.5

0
0.02

0.04

0.06

0.08

0.1

0.12

0.14

0.16

0.18

we see a drop in positive-sequence

voltage decrease to 0.66 pu and
Rise in negative and zerosequence voltages are similar (0.33
pu)

Time in seconds
(c)

Vchar/PN-SLG-pcc1

Voltage in pu

0.8

0.6

PN
Vchar
X: 0.09438
Y: 0.3285

0.4

The characteristic voltage, and PN

factor are V = 0.33 pu, and F = 1

0.2

0
0.02

0.04

0.06

0.08

0.1

0.12

0.14

0.16

0.18

Time in seconds
(d)

Figure 4.17: Type B; due to Single-phase-to-ground fault(c) Sequence voltages,

(d) Characteristic voltage (solid line) and PN-factor (dashed line)
94

Voltage Sags of Type C:

Single phase-to-ground fault created on phase A, at
position F and sag is monitor at the pcc2
Removing the zero-sequence component from type B
sag
or transferring through DY - connection
transformer results in a type C or Cc sag.
Type C sag is characterized by a major voltage drop in
one phase A and drop in the non-faulted phase B.
voltage drop in phases A and B is same 0.49 pu and
phase C will remains unchanged

95

Voltage Sags of Type C:

3ph-voltage-SLG-pcc2

1.5

Phase-A
Phase-B
Phase-C

Voltage in pu

0.5

0
-0.5

-1

-1.5

0.02

0.04

0.06

0.08

0.1

0.12

0.14

0.16

0.18

0.2

Time in seconds
(a)
rms magnitude-SLG - pcc2
1

0.8

RMS Voltage in pu

cont

X: 0.08875
Y: 0.5706

0.6

Va-rms
Vb-rms
Vc-rms

0.4

voltage drop in phases A

and B is same 0.49 pu and
phase C will remains
unchanged.
According to
symmetrical-component
classification it is type Cc
(main drop in phases AB)

0.2

0
0.02

0.04

0.06

0.08

0.1

0.12

0.14

0.16

0.18

Time in seconds
(b)

Figure 4.18: Voltage Sag of Type C due to Single-phase-to-ground fault: (a)

Voltage Waveforms, (b) RMS Voltage,

96

Voltage Sags of Type C:

cont

Phase angle jump-SLG-pcc2

Angle(Degree)

-60
-80
-100
0.02

Phase-A
0.04

0.06

0.08

0.1

0.12

0.14

0.16

0.04

0.06

0.08

0.1

0.12

0.14

0.16

0.04

0.06

0.08

0.1

0.12

0.14

0.16

0.18

Angle(Degree)

200

Angle(Degree)

-200
0.02

Phase-B
0.18

The phase angle jump in the two

faulted phases is of equal size
but opposite direction is about
30 and third phase not affected

60
40
20
0
0.02

Phase-C
0.18

Time in seconds
(c)
Sequence voltage-SLG-pcc2

Sequence Voltage (pu)

0.8

X: 0.09453
Y: 0.6575

0.6

Positive
Negative
Zero

X: 0.09758
Y: 0.3297

0.4
0.2
0
0

0.02

0.04

0.06

0.08

0.1

Time in seconds
(d)

0.12

0.14

0.16

0.18

0.2

After transferring through the

Dy-connected transformer. The
positive, negative and zerosequence voltages at pcc2 are to
0.66 pu, 0.33 pu and zero
respectively

Figure 4.18: Voltage Sag of Type C due to Single-phase-to-ground fault:

(c) Phase-angle jump, (d) Sequence voltages
97

Effect of Voltage Sags on Induction Motor

Behavior of Induction Motor During Balanced Faults
During a three-phase fault the voltages at the motor terminals
drop in magnitude. The consequences of this drop are:
The magnitude flux in the air gap is decreases.
The decay in voltage causes a drop in electrical torque: the
electrical torque is proportional to the square of the voltage.
The mechanical torque in the mean time remains largely
unchanged. The result is that the motor slows down.
While the motor slows down it will take a large current with a
smaller power factor. This could bring down the voltage even
more.

98

Behavior of Induction Motor During Balanced Faults

cont

For deep sags the motor will continue to slow down until
it reaches standstill, or until the voltage recovers,
whichever comes first.
The moment the voltage recovers the opposite
phenomena occur. The flux in the air gap will build up again.
This causes a large inrush current, which slows down the
voltage recovery.
After that, the motor will re-accelerate until it reaches its
pre-event speed.
During the re-acceleration the motor again takes a large
current with a smaller power factor, which causes postfault voltage sag sometimes lasting for several seconds.
99

Behavior of Induction motor during Unbalanced Faults

During the first one or two cycles after fault initiation the IM
contributes to the faults. This causes an increase in positivesequence voltages.
Negative and zero-sequence voltages are not influenced.
The IM slows down, causing a decrease in impedance causes
an increase in current and thus a drop in positive-sequence
voltage.
The negative-sequence impedance of the motor is low, typically
(1020%) of the nominal positive-sequence impedance.
The negative-sequence voltage will thus remain constant
during the event.
The IM does not take any zero-sequence current.

100

IM Performance under Voltage Sag

A 3-phase , 50 HP, 400 V, 50 Hz, 1480 rpm IM was used
in this study.
The load level was adopted equal to 85% of motors
rated load.
Induction motor is connected to 400 V distribution
system.
The performance of induction motor is studied for
speed, current and torque during and after the voltage
sags due to faults.

101

IM Performance under Voltage Sag

pcc1

cont

pcc2

Induction Motor

Load

Vabc_pcc3

Figure 4.23: Simulation Model for Distribution System with IM

102

Simulation Results of IM due to Three Phase-to-ground Faults

Type A sag
RMS values of voltage sag at the
motor terminal due to 3-ph faults
of 110 ms duration (5.5 cycles).

The speed at the end of voltage sag

drops to a value of 337 rpm.
After voltage recovering speed
recovers its nominal value at
1.125 sec.
Figure 4.24: IM for Sag Type
A,
(a) RMS Voltage, (b) Speed.
103

Simulation Results of IM due to LLLG Faults

cont

The maximum current & torque peaks are usually obtained in

the first cycle after the drop or recovery voltage points.
The maximum current peak value
+910.8 A (Phase C) at the voltage
drop point and the +705 A (Phase
B) current peak at the recovery
point.

The torque peak approaches

-1912 N*m, whereas the
recovery torque peak
approaches +642.8 N*m.

104

Duration Influence on IM for Type A Sag

The influence of sag duration on the speed, torque and current
peaks for the three different fault durations (5.5, 4 & 2 cycles)
Vabc-m-LLLG-5.5, 4 and 2 cycle

RMS Voltage in pu

The values of current peak

and occurs at the voltage
drop point and voltage
recovery point are:

V = 0.9 pu

0.8

0.6

5.5 cycle
4 cycle
2 cycle

0.4

0.2

0
0.7

0.75

0.8

0.85

0.9

0.95

1.05

1.1

1.15

1.2

Time in seconds

Stator current Ph-A

Stator current Ph-A

Stator current Ph-A

Fig 4.25: RMS Voltages for Type A Sag

Ipeak at drop point =579.8 A

stator surrent Phase-A, LLLG-5.5, 4 and 2 cycle

1000

+686.4 A

500

5.5 cycle

0
-500

-579.8 A

-1000
1000

+680 A

4 cycle

-579.8 A
-1000
1000
2 cycle

500
0
-500
-1000
0.7

-579.8 A

- 702 A
0.75

0.8

0.85

0.9

0.95

Time in seconds

1.05

1.1

1.15

1.2

Ipeak at recovery points are:

Ipeak(5.5 cycle) = 686.4 A
Ipeak(5.5 cycle) = 680.0 A
Ipeak(5.5 cycle) = 702 A

Fig.4.26: Comparison of Current Peak for Sag Type A

105

Duration Influence on IM for Type A Sag

cont

Te-LLLG-5.5, 4 and 2 cycle

E lectro m ag n etic to rq u e T e (N * m )

+816.9 N*m

+644.3 N*m

+642.8 N*m

Type A sag does not influence

on the current peak and torque
peak after the fault instant.

500

-500

5.5 cycle
4 cycle
2 cycle

Fault start

-1000

-1912 N*m

-1500

-2000
0.7

0.75

0.8

0.85

0.9

0.95

1.05

1.1

1.15

1.2

Time in seconds

Fig.4.27: Comparison of Torque Peak for Type A

Speed-LLLG-5.5

1600

X: 1.123
Y: 1480

Speed = 1480 rpm

1400

The motor speed decreases to

337 rpm, 515 rpm and 722 rpm
for fault duration 5.5, 4 & 2
cycles respectively.

Speed in rpm

1200
1000

5.5 Cycle
4 cycle
2 cycle

800
600
400
200
0
0.7

0.75

0.8

0.85

0.9

0.95

1.05

1.1

1.15

Speed variation during and after

voltage sags for different fault
duration.

1.2

Time in seconds

Fig. 4.28: Comparison of Speed Changes for

Type A

106

IM Performance under Voltage Sag

cont

Table 4.2: Simulation Results Summary of symmetrical and

Unsymmetrical Voltage Sags on IM Performance

107

IM Performance under Voltage Sag

cont

Table 4.2: Simulation Results Summary of symmetrical and

Unsymmetrical Voltage Sags on IM Performance

108

Induction Motor -Conclusion

The effects of the symmetrical and unsymmetrical voltage
sags on the IM behavior, namely torque and current peaks,
and speed loss have been studied
The following are the main observations of this simulation
study:
The results in the torque and current peaks almost
occurring at the voltage drop point.
For this reason, the change in sag duration causes little
influence on current and torque peaks.
Upon the occurrence of voltage sags, the IM speed drops,
the motor subjected to transient currents and torques
depending on the sags magnitude and duration.
109

Induction Motor Conclusion

cont

Upon voltage recovery, the motor is subjected once

more to transient currents and torque, exceeding in
many cases the previous transients, but still lower
than transients during starting process.
Three-phase voltage sags are the most severe event
and should be taken in consideration for any
evaluation.
At the moment of occurrence of sag there is a huge
counter torque that results in a high demand of
currents.
These current peaks causes winding damages and as
a
consequence, a loss of useful life of the
machine.
110

Effect of Voltage Sags on AC ASDs

In most of the ASDs, the electric power passes from the AC supply
(utility side) to the load (motor side) through three major stages

1. The rectification stage:

2. The DC link filtering:
3. The inversion stage:

Figure 3.18: Block Diagram of Induction Motor Drive System

111

Behavior AC Drive during Voltage Sags

Many adjustable speed drives are very sensitive to voltage sags.
Tripping may occur due to several phenomena.
The drive contractor or protection will detect the sudden
changes in operation conditions and trip the drive to prevent
damage to the power electronic components.
The drop in dc voltage which results from the voltage sag will
cause mal-operation or tripping of the drive controller or of the
PWM inverter.
The increased ac currents during the sag or the post-sag overcurrents charging the dc capacitor will cause an over-current
trip or blowing of fuses protecting the power electronics
components.
The industrial process driven by the motor will not be able to
tolerate the drop in speed or the torque variations due to the
sags.
112

Performance of IM-Drive under Voltage sags

cont..

The 10 HP, 400 V, 50 Hz, 1440 rpm, space vector PWM

VSI Induction motor drive block in simulink was selected
for these studies.

I_retifier

Figure 4.42: Simulation Model for IM-Drive

113

Performance of IM-drive under Normal Operating Conditions-No

Sags

The IM-drive is simulated

with a nominal balanced
power.
The inverter switching
frequency is 5 KHz.
A ref. speed of 1440 rpm
Rated torque (40 N*m).
Fault duration for 5
cycle

Fig.: Performance of IM-drive, (a) Supply Voltage; (b) Rotor Speed

114

Performance of IM-drive -No Sags

Fig. : Performance of IM-drive under Normal Condition: (c) Torque; (d) Stator
Current; (e) DC Bus Voltage; (f) Capacitor Charging Current
115

Behavior of IM Drive during Type A Sags

Fig.: Performance of IM-drive for Type A : (a) Supply Voltage; (b) DC Bus
Voltage, (c) Capacitor Charging Current; (d) Rotor speed; (e) Stator Current
116

Behavior of IM Drive during Type A Sags

cont

Type A sag, the rectifier diodes are initially reverse biased and
hence there is no flow of charging current (Icr) to the capacitor
Capacitor vtg Vdc = 43.5 V
The drive dc bus undervoltage protection is set at
80% (450 Vdc) of the normal
value,

When the ac supply voltage

returns to normal, a very high
capacitor recharging current
in the range of 2500 A and
the drive accelerates
117

Behavior of IM Drive during Type A Sags

cont

The rotor speed drops to 727.6 rpm as the dc bus voltage drops.

During this period the

electromagnetic torque
supplied by the motor is
less than the required
load torque, therefore
the
stator
current
increases
after
the
voltage sags

118

Behavior of IM Drive During Type C

DC bus voltage reduction
upto 500 Vdc. The ripple on the
dc bus voltage increases, but
the voltage does not drop below
the trip level 450 Vdc
Large recharging current
pulses appears because of the
lower capacitor bus voltage
Therefore, the drive runs
throughout the event and the
load does not experience a
great fluctuation in the speed
Fig.: Type C: (a) DC Bus Voltage; (b) Capacitor Current (c) Rotor Speed

119

Summary of IM Drive During Sags

The simulation results shows that the sags affect the IMdrive performance, especially the DC bus properties.
Type A sag due to three phase fault being more severe than
the other types of voltage sags.
Type A, type E and type F sags lasting only 100 ms
(5 cycles) can reduce dc bus voltage to lower than the trip
level of the drive, which will cause drives to trip due to an
under-voltage fault.
Clearance of these faults, a very high recharging current
occurs, which can cause damage the semiconductor devices
in the drive.
During such conditions, the over-current trip protection in
the drive can cause nuisance tripping of the drive.
120

Summary of IM Drive During Sags

cont

In some case of the unbalanced voltage sags type B, C &

D
DC bus voltage of drive does not drop below 80% of its
trip level; the effect is primarily an increase in the DC bus
voltage ripple.
Therefore, the drive runs throughout the event and load
does not experience a great fluctuation in speed
since it only sees an increase in the ripple on the PWM
waveform.

121

Conclusion of IM Drive
The simulation results shows that the speed and torque
performance of induction motor was not affected during
most sag situations, except for a minor speed drop for type
E and major drop in speed for type A sags.
Type A, E, and F type sags, the dc bus capacitor voltage
reduces to a lower than the trip level of the drive.
when supply voltage recovery after the fault is cleared, a
very high charging current occurs.
If left unprotected, the rectifier diodes would be damaged
and this situation usually results in drive tripping due to dc
bus under-voltage or over-current protection faults, in order
to protect the components.
122

Conclusion of IM Drive

cont

In case of type B, C and type D sags, the impact of the

sag was found to be less severe on the dc bus properties
than a type A, type E and type F sags.
However, the voltage ripple and the charging currents
were found to increase.
Therefore, the drive runs throughout the event and the
load does not experience a great fluctuation in the speed.

123

Dynamic Voltage Restorer

DVR can protect sensitive loads from all supply-side
disturbances other than outages.
The basic principle of a DVR is simple, by inserting a voltage of
the required magnitude, phase angle and frequency, to restore
the load-side voltage up to the desired amplitude and waveform .
The DVR can be seen as a voltage source due to it injects
voltage
in series with the distribution system and load.
The DVR should capable to react as fast as possible to inject the
missing voltage to the system due to sensitive loads are very
sensitive to voltages variations.
It is normally installed in a distribution system between the
supply and the critical load feeder.
124

DVR

cont

The major industries that are likely to benefit

the most from DVRs are:
Utilities (transmission and distribution
companies)
Process industries (semiconductor plants, paper
mills, plastic manufacturers)
Automotive manufacturers
Chemical plants
Electronics (consumer electronic and computer
manufacturers)
Mining industry
Steel plants
125

Benefit of DVR
Reduce losses associated with irregularities in the
production process resulting from power disturbances.
A large part of the industrial machinery makes use of
sophisticated electronics that are quite sensitive to power
disturbances. DVR plays a key role in ensuring the smooth
functioning of such equipments.
Power disturbances can lead to irregularities or in a worstcase scenario, stoppage of production processes. Whenever
any kind of aberration in power is detected, DVRs reduce the
potential shutdown time for equipment within facilities that
ultimately saves a lot of time and money.

126

Benefit of DVR

cont

Can also be used to tackle the problem of harmonics

caused by non-linear load machinery in manufacturing
facilities. If not corrected in time, the harmonic
voltages can spill over to the office power and cut into
the productivity.
The insulation wear on transformers, motors and
drivers caused by power irregularities can also be
reduced by DVR.

127

The Basic Components of a DVR

Injection Transformers

Control Circuit

Passive Filters

Voltage Source converter

Energy Storage

Fig: Conventional Circuit Configuration of the DVR

128

Components of DVR

cont

Energy Storages
The DVR needs real power for Voltage sag compensation.
The real power of the DVR is supplied by energy storage system.
The energy storage system (battery) is to supply an energy in DC
form.

D.C Charging Circuit

The dc charging circuit has two main tasks.
The first task is to charge the battery after a sag compensation.
The second task is to maintain dc link voltage at the nominal dc
link voltage.

129

Components of DVR

cont

Voltage Source Converter

The most important element in DVR structure is the (VSC).
Generally pulse-width modulated voltage-sourced converter
(PWM VSC) is used.
The main function of the VSC is to convert the DC voltage
provided by the energy storage device into a sinusoidal AC
voltage at desired frequency, magnitude, and phase angle.
In the DVR application, the VSC is used to generate the part
of the supply voltage which is missing.

130

Components of DVR

cont

Passive Filters
The basic function of low pass filter is to convert the PWM
inverted pulse waveform into a sinusoidal waveform.
This is achieved by removing the unnecessary higher order
harmonic components generated from the DC to AC conversion
in the VSC that will distort the compensated output voltage .
These filters can be placed either in the high voltage side or in
the low-voltage side of the injection transformers.

131

Components of DVR

cont

Voltage Injection Transformer

A Injection transformer is used to connect the DVR with the
distribution feeder
Provide isolation between DVR circuit & distribution feeder
The basic function of the injection transformer is to increase
the voltage supplied by the filtered VSC output to the
desired level.
The transformer winding ratio is pre-determined according
to the voltage required in the secondary side of the
transformer.
Generally this is kept equal to the supply voltage to allow
the DVR to compensate for full voltage sag.
132

Components of DVR

cont

Control Circuit
The aim of the control system is to maintain constant
voltage magnitude at the point where a sensitive load is
connected, under system disturbances.
The control system of a DVR include: detection of the start
and
finish of the sag, voltage reference generation,
transient and steady-state control of the injected voltage, and
protection of the system.
There are many types of control techniques such as feed
forward control technique, PI controller and Hysteresis
controller.
133

Simulink Model of Three-phase DVR System

The proposed three-phase DVR built in MATLAB/SIMULINK
software as shown in figure

Fig.: Simulink Model of Proposed DVR

134

Simulink Model of DVR Control

Flow Chart of Feed Forward Control Technique used in proposed DVR

Fig.: Flow Chart of Feed Forward Control Technique based on dq0 Transformation
135

Simulink Model of DVR Control

cont

Simulink model of Feed Forward Control or parks transformation of

the proposed DVR

Fig.: Simulink model of DVR control circuit using Parks Transformation

136

Performance of the DVR

To demonstrate the capabilities of the proposed DVR f
or mitigating the voltage sags in 33/11 KV distribution
system.
The performance of the DVR is tested under various
Voltage sag conditions.
Voltage sag is generated by creating short circuit faults
in the distribution system.
The transition time for the faults is considered from 0.1
second to 0.3 second, i.e. 10 cycles for time duration of
200 ms
137

Performance of the DVR for LLLG Fault

3-ph Fault - Vpcc

Va
Vb
Vc

Sag end at 0.3 sec.

V o ltag e in p u

0.5

Sag Start at 0.1 sec

Voltage at Load during fault

-0.5

-1

0.05

0.1

0.15

0.2

0.25

0.3

0.35

0.4

Time in seconds

3-ph fault-Injected voltage

Va
Vb
Vc

1
0.8
0.6

Voltage in pu

0.4

Injected Voltage by DVR

0.2
0
-0.2
-0.4
-0.6
-0.8
-1
0

0.05

0.1

0.15

0.2

0.25

0.3

0.35

0.4

Time in seconds
3-ph fault-compensate voltage

1.5

Va
Vb
Vc

V o ltag e in p u

0.5

Compensated Load Voltage

-0.5

-1

-1.5

0.05

0.1

0.15

0.2

0.25

0.3

0.35

0.4

Time in seconds

Fig.: Simulation Result of DVR for Three Phase Fault: (a) Voltage at PCC,
(b). Injected Voltage by DVR, (c) Compensated Load Voltage

138

Performance of the DVR for LLLG Fault

cont

3-ph fault- Vpcc

R M S V o lta g e in p u

Sag Depth

Voltage at Load during fault

0.8
Va
Vb
Vc

Sag duration
0.6

0.4

0.2

0
0.05

0.1

0.15

0.2

0.25

0.3

0.35

0.4

Time in seconds

3-ph fault- rms vinj

Va
Vb
Vc

R M S V o ltag e in p u

0.8

0.6

Injected Voltage by DVR

0.4

0.2

0
0.05

0.1

0.15

0.2

0.25

0.3

0.35

0.4

Time in seconds
3-ph rms - VL

RM S V oltage in pu

0.8

Sag end

Sag start
0.6

0.4

Compensated Load Voltage

Va
Vb
Vc

0.2

0
0.05

0.1

0.15

0.2

0.25

0.3

0.35

0.4

Time in seconds

Fig.: Simulation Result of DVR for LLLG fault in terms of RMS

139

Conclusion - DVR
A simple, fast and cost effective DVR is proposed for
mitigation the problem of voltage sags in
distribution
network.
The modeling and simulation of a DVR using
MATLAB/SIMULINK has been presented.
A control system based on feed-foreword technique used.
The simulation results, clearly shows the performance of a
DVR in mitigating voltage sags.
The DVR handles both balanced and unbalanced situations
without any difficulties, and injects the appropriate
voltage component in the supply voltage to keep the load
voltage
balanced and constant at the nominal
value.
140

Future Work
Voltage sag detection:
In this thesis, a comprehensive study is presented in
order to show the proposed algorithm for voltage
sags detection.
The algorithm can be further extended to voltage sag
analysis.
For analysis, the algorithm offers the ability to
calculate the amplitude, frequency and phase angle
jumps of the voltage sag.

141

Future Work

cont

Behavior of Induction motor:

The behavior of induction motor is based on the two
main parameters of voltage sags; sag magnitude and
duration with constant loading is presented in this thesis.
Future work can also include the other parameters of
voltage sags, including effect of pre-sag, post-sag,
loading percentage and point on wave the sag
occurrence.
The further objective of this study is to investigate the
motor ride-through capability during different types of
voltage sags.
142

Future Work

cont

IM-drive performance:
In future work, the performance of an IM-drive system
under voltage sag duration and motor loading will be
investigate, also impact of phase angle jump, characteristics
voltage and PN factor on the operation of the drive.
Further study extended to ride-through strategies to improve
ASD performance during voltage sags.
DVR:
This work can be further developed with regards different
control strategy i.e. PI controller, Fuzzy controller can be
used in the DVR compensation techniques.
143

Publication based on Research Work

Conferences
1. Suresh Kamble and Dr. Chandrashekhar Thorat, A New
Algorithm for Voltage Sag Detection, IEEE- International
Conference On Advances In Engineering, Science And
Management (ICAESM -2012), ISBN: 978-81-909042-2-3
2012 IEEE, Nagapattinam, Tamil Nadu, India, 30-31 March
2012, pp. 138-143.
2. Suresh Kamble and Dr. Chandrashekhar Thorat, A New
Algorithm for Voltage Sag Analysis in Distribution Systems,
IEEE- 4th International Conference on Electrical Engineering
(ICEE12), Algiera, 07-8 May 2012, pp. 398-403.
144

Publication based on Research Work

Cont

Conferences
3. Suresh Kamble and Dr. Chandrashekhar Thorat,
Classification of Voltage Sags in Distribution Systems Due to
Short Circuit Faults, IEEE-13th International Conference on
Optimization of Electrical and Electronic Equipment (OPTIM
2012). ISSN:1842-0133, E-ISBN: 978-1-4673-1652-1, Print
ISBN: 978-1-4673-1650-7, Brasov, Romania, 24-26 May
2012, pp. 257-264.
4. Suresh Kamble and Dr. Chandrashekhar Thorat, Voltage Sag
Detection Techniques Used in Power System , Proceeding of
International Conference on Electrical Engineering and
Technology, Issue -76, ISSN 2010-376X, ISBN:2010-3778,
Venice, Italy, 27-29 April 2011, pp. 926-929
145

Publication based on Research Work

Cont

Conferences
5. Suresh Kamble and Dr. Chandrashekhar Thorat, Voltage Sag:
A Major Power Quality Issue , Proceeding of International
Conference on Energy Optimization and Control (ICEOC2010), Govt. College of Engg, Aurangabad, India, 28-30
December 2010 pp. 109-112.

Journals
6. Suresh Kamble and Dr. Chandrashekhar Thorat,
Characterization of Volatge Sag due Balanced and
Unbalanced Faults in Distribution Systems, Internnational
Journal of Electrical Engineering & Technology (IJEET),
Volume 3, Issue 1, January- June 2012, pp. 197-209.

146

Publication based on Research Work

Cont

Journals
7. Suresh Kamble and Dr. Chandrashekhar Thorat,
Characteristics Analysis of Voltage Sag in Distribution
System using RMS Voltage Method, ACEEE-International
Journal on Electrical and Power Engineering, Volume 3, No.1,
Feburary 2012, pp. 55-61.
8. Suresh Kamble and Dr. Chandrashekhar Thorat, Voltage Sag
Characterization in a Distribution Systems: A Case Study,
Journal of Power and Energy Engineering (JPEE), ISSN:
2327-588X, Vol.2, No.4, April 2014, pp 546-553.
147

Thank You
148