DISEASES CAUSED DUE TO

MALFUNCTIONING OF BODY
ORGANS AND FIRST AID
MEASURES

INDEX
A) INTRODUCTION
B) DEGENERATIVE DISEASES : DIABETES
HEART DISEASES
CATARACT
ARTHRITIS
KIDNEY DISORDERS OR UREMIA
C) FEVER
D) ALLERGY
E) FIRST AID MEASURES FOR : CUTS
BURNS
SNAKE BITES
STINGS

INTRODUCTION
Malfunction or improper
functioning of various body
organs occurs due to overuse
or wear and tear because of
which these organs work less
with age. For ex: organs like
pancreas and kidneys

DEGENERATIVE DISEASES
1. DIABETES (ALSO KNOWN AS DIABETES MELLITUS)
Cause :People with diabetes have high blood glucose, also called
high blood sugar or hyperglycemia. Diabetes develops when
the body doesn't make enough insulin or is not able to use
insulin effectively, or both. Insulin is a hormone made by
beta cells in the pancreas.
Symptoms :Often, there are no symptoms. When symptoms do occur,
they include excessive thirst or urination, fatigue, weight
loss or blurred vision.
Ill effects of diabetes :-

Long-term effects of diabetes. The most common long-term

complications of diabetes include: damage to the large
blood vessels of the heart, brain and legs (macro vascular
complications) damage to the small blood vessels, causing
problems in the eyes, kidneys, feet and nerves (micro
vascular complications).
Control : Eat foods less in carbohydrates and fats and more in
fibre.
If needed , take insulin therapy

2. Heart Diseases
Heart disease is an umbrella term for any type of disorder that
affects the heart
The diseases of heart include atherosclerosis and coronary
heart disease
a) In atheroclerosis , the arterial walls get hardened and
thickened reducing the flow of blood. This raises the blood
pressure
b) In coronary heart disease , the arteries which supply blood
to the heart muscles get hardened. Thus the blood supply
to the heart muscles is reduced , leading to the reduced
supply of oxygen to the muscles. This leads to a temporary
pain in the chest.
) Cause :-

Plaque build up thickens and stiffens artery walls, which can

inhibit blood flow through your arteries to your organs and
tissues. Atherosclerosis is also the most common cause of
cardiovascular disease. It can be caused by correctable
problems, such as an unhealthy diet, lack of exercise, being
overweight and smoking.
Symptoms :Symptoms vary widely ranging chest pain to palpitations.
Sometimes there are no symptoms.
Ill effects of heart disease :Heart disease and stroke can be fatal, but they can also lead to
serious illness, disability, and lower quality of life. Suffering a
stroke may lead to significant disability, such as paralysis,
speech difficulties, and emotional problems. Following a heart
attack, individuals frequently suffer fatigue and depression, and
they may find it more difficult to engage in physical activities.
Control :-

1. Needs to Maintain proper diet

2. Needs to Do exercise
3. If needed has to go under coronary angioplasty or coronary
artery bypass graft surgery (CABG)

3. Cataract
A cataract is a clouding of the eye's natural lens, which lies
behind the iris and the pupil. Cataracts are the most common
cause of vision loss in people over age 40 and is the principal
cause of blindness in the world
Causes :No one knows for sure why the eye's lens changes as we age,
forming cataracts. But researchers worldwide have identified
factors that may cause cataracts or are associated with cataract
development. Besides advancing age, cataract risk factors
include:
Ultraviolet radiation from sunlight and other sources
Diabetes
Hypertension
Obesity
Smoking

Prolonged use of corticosteroid medications

Statin medicines used to reduce cholesterol
Previous eye injury or inflammation
Previous eye surgery
Hormone replacement therapy
Significant alcohol consumption
High myopia
Family history

Symptoms :A cataract starts out small and at first has little effect on your
vision. You may notice that your vision is blurred a little, like
looking through a cloudy piece of glass or viewing an
impressionist painting.
If everything looks hazy, dull, and blurred, you may have a
cataract.
A cataract may make light from the sun or a lamp seem too
bright or glaring. Or you may notice when you drive at night that
the oncoming headlights cause more glare than before. Colors
may not appear as bright as they once did.

 Prevention
Though there is significant controversy about whether cataracts
can be prevented, a number of studies suggest certain nutrients
and nutritional supplements may reduce your risk of cataracts.
One large, 10-year study of female health professionals found that
higher dietary intakes of vitamin E and the carotenoids lutein and
zeaxanthin from food and supplements were associated with
significantly decreased risks of cataract.
Good food sources of vitamin E include sunflower seeds, almonds
and spinach. Good sources of lutein and zeaxanthin include
spinach, kale and other green, leafy vegetables.
Other studies have shown antioxidant vitamins such as vitamin C
and foods containing omega-3 fatty acids may reduce cataract risk.

4. Arthritis
Arthritis is a disease causing painful inflammation and stiffness of
the joints.
Causes
Causes include injury (leading to degenerative arthritis), abnormal
metabolism (such as gout and pseudogout), inheritance (such as
in osteoarthritis), infections (such as in the arthritis of Lyme
disease), and an overactive immune system (such as rheumatoid
arthritis and systemic lupus erythematosus).
Symptoms :As there are many types of arthritis, there's also a wide range of
symptoms.
With inflammatory arthritis theres likely to be more swelling of
the joints and more variation in the pain (which can't be explained
simply by the level of physical activity). Other common symptoms
include:
1)early morning joint stiffness

2)tiredness
3)a general feeling of being unwell
4)weight loss
5)mild fevers or night sweats
6)skin rashes.
Treatments :Treatments that suppress inflammatory disease and may
improve the outcome: Disease-modifying anti-rheumatic
drugs (DMARDs) suppress inflammation and treat the
underlying disease. They are used to treat inflammatory
types of arthritis and occasionally types of connective tissue
disease.

5.Uremia
It is a raised level in the blood of urea and other nitrogenous
waste compounds that are normally eliminated by the kidneys
Causes :Uremia may arise from any condition that damages the kidney
including:
1.Autoimmune disorders
2.Certain medications, such as high doses of nonsteroidal anti3.inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) or intravenous contrast material
4.Kidney damage from hypertension or diabetes
5.Kidney disease (includes any type of kidney problem, such as
6.kidney stones, kidney failure and kidney anomalies)
7.Obstruction that interferes with normal urine flow
8.Renal artery embolism or occlusion (blockage of blood flow to
the kidney)
9.Surgery
10.Traumatic injury to the kidney

FEVER
Definition :- an abnormally high body temperature, usually
accompanied by shivering, headache, and in severe
instances, delirium
Causes :Fever or elevated body temperature might be caused by: A
virus. A bacterial infection. Heat exhaustion.
Symptoms :Symptoms depend on the underlying cause for the fever.
Symptoms that commonly occur with fever include excessive
sweating, chills, and headache. Additional symptoms that
occur with fever include body aches, muscle aches,
weakness, fatigue, cough, sore throat, rash, and sinus
congestion.
Treatment :Rest and drink plenty of fluids. Medication isn't needed. Call
the

doctor if the fever is accompanied by a severe headache, stiff

neck, shortness of breath, or other unusual signs or symptoms.
If you're uncomfortable, take acetaminophen (Tylenol, others),
ibuprofen (Advil, Motrin IB, others) or aspirin.

ALLERGY
Definition :- a damaging immune response by the body to a
substance, especially a particular food, pollen, fur, or dust, to
which it has become hypersensitive. Allergens are the stimuli
that cause these allergy-related symptoms.
Causes :An allergy starts when your immune system mistakes a
normally harmless substance for a dangerous invader. The
immune system then produces antibodies that remain on the
alert for that particular allergen. When you're exposed to the
allergen again, these antibodies can release a number of
immune system chemicals, such as histamine, that cause
allergy symptoms.
Common allergy triggers include:

1.Airborne allergens, such as pollen, animal dander, dust

mites and mold
2.Certain foods, particularly peanuts, tree nuts, wheat, soy,
fish, shellfish, eggs and milk
3.Insect stings, such as bee stings or wasp stings
4.Medications, particularly penicillin or penicillin-based
antibiotics
5.Latex or other substances you touch, which can cause
allergic skin reactions
Symptoms :Allergy symptoms depend on the substance involved and
can involve the airways, sinuses and nasal passages, skin,
and digestive system. Allergic reactions can range from mild
to severe. In some severe cases, allergies can trigger a lifethreatening reaction known as anaphylaxis.
Hay fever, also called allergic rhinitis, may cause:
Sneezing

 Itching of the nose, eyes or roof of the mouth

Runny, stuffy nose
Watery, red or swollen eyes (conjunctivitis)
A food allergy may cause:

Tingling mouth
Swelling of the lips, tongue, face or throat
Hives
Anaphylaxis

An insect sting allergy may cause:

A large area of swelling (edema) at the sting site

Itching or hives all over your body
Cough, chest tightness, wheezing or shortness of breath
Anaphylaxis

A drug allergy may cause:

Hives
Itchy skin
Rash
Facial swelling
Wheezing
Anaphylaxis

Atopic dermatitis, an allergic skin condition also called eczema,

may cause skin to:
Itch
Redden
Flake or peel

ANAPHYLAXIS
Some types of allergies, including allergies to foods and insect
stings, have the potential to trigger a severe reaction known
as anaphylaxis. A life-threatening medical emergency, this
reaction can cause you to go into shock. Signs and symptoms
of anaphylaxis include:

Loss of consciousness
A drop in blood pressure
Severe shortness of breath
Skin rash
Light headedness
A rapid, weak pulse
Nausea and vomiting

Treatment :-

For relief of long-term allergies such as hay fever or reactions to

dust mites or animal dander, the following medications may be
recommended or prescribed: Long-acting antihistamines, such
as cetirizine (Zyrtec), fexofenadine (Allegra), and loratadine
(Claritin), can relieve symptoms without causing sleepiness.

FIRST AID MEASURES

First aid means help given to a sick or injured person until full
medical treatment is available.
We may require first aid in the following circumstances : Cuts
Burns
Snake bites
Stings
Bites
First aid measures for cuts :Stop Bleeding. Apply direct pressure on the cut or wound with a
clean cloth, tissue, or piece of gauze until bleeding stops. If
blood soaks through the material, don't remove it. Put more cloth
or gauze on top of it and continue to apply pressure

 First aid measures for burns

Soak the burn in cool water for at least 5 minutes. The cool water
helps reduce swelling by pulling heat away from the burned skin.
Treat the burn with a skin care product that protects and heals skin,
such as aloe vera cream or an antibiotic ointment. You can wrap a
dry gauze bandage loosely around the burn.
First aid measures for snake bites
Keep calm and still as movement can cause the venom to travel
more quickly through the body.
Remove constricting clothing or jewellery because the area
surrounding the bite will likely swell
Run water over the bite
Prevent the poison from being carried to the heart by tying a
handkerchief tightly around the area.

 First aid measures for stings

Remove the Stinger
Scrape the area with the edge of a credit card or straight edge
object to remove it.
Don't pinch the stinger or use tweezers -- that can inject more
venom.
2. Control Swelling
Ice the area.
If you were stung on your arm or leg, elevate it.
Remove any tight-fitting jewellery from the area of the sting. As
it swells, rings or bracelets might be difficult to remove.
3. Treat Symptoms
For pain, take an over-the-counter painkiller like acetaminophen
or ibuprofen. Do not give aspirin to anyone under age 19.
For itchiness, take an antihistamine. You can also apply a
mixture

of baking soda and water or calamine lotion.

4. Follow-Up
It might take 2-5 days for the area to heal. Keep it clean to
prevent infection.
First aid measures for animal bites
Wash the bite area with soap and water; apply pressure with
sterile gauze or a clean cloth if the bite is bleeding. If the
bleeding has stopped, apply antibiotic ointment. Cover the area
with a bandage or sterile gauze. Offer the patient
acetaminophen or ibuprofen for pain. Also give the patient an
ANTI RABIES injection (if the animal (pets) is already immunised ,
then no need of antirabies injection).

THANK YOU
Done by :

B Gurukeerthan
Akshay Anand
Raghavendra Srivatsava
Kushal K Gowda
Vedanth P Rao
Tarun AK