PATHOLOGIES OF

THE RESPIRATORY
SYTEM

Group 4

RESPIRATORY
The human respiratory
system is a series of organs
SYSTEM
responsible for taking in oxygen and expelling
carbon dioxide.

Diseases of
the Upper
Respiratory
Tract
Pharyngitis
Scarlet Fever
Sinusitis
Influenza
Diphtheria

Diseases of
the Lower
Respiratory
Tract
COPD
Bronchiolitis
Pneumonia
Pertussis
Pulmonary
Anthrax
Tuberculosis

Diseases of the
Upper Respiratory
Tract

PHARYNGITIS
Pharyngitis refers to inflammation of the
mucous membranes of the pharynx

Causative Agent
Adenovirus

Mode of Transmission
Aerosol or droplet
Fecal oral
Direct inoculation of conjunctivas by fingers

Signs and Symptoms

Sore throat
Dry throat
scratchy throat,
sneezing
runny nose
headache
cough
fatigue
body aches
chills
fever (a low-grade fever
with a cold and highergrade fever with the flu)

Medication/Treatme
nt
Drug of choice: Oral penicillin
Alternative Drug: Amoxicillin

Tetracyclines and
trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole should
not be used to treat pharyngitis owing to
higher rates of resistance.

SCARLET FEVER
(SCARLATINA)
Scarlet fever is a bacterial illness that develops in
some people who have strep throat. Scarlet fever
features a bright red rash that covers most of the
body.Scarlet fever is most common in children 5 to 15
years of age.

Causative Agent
Streptococcus
pyogenes

Mode of Transmission
The infection spreads from person to
person via droplets expelled when an
infected person coughs or sneezes.

Signs and Symptoms

Red rash.
Red lines.
Flushed face.
Strawberry tongue.
Fever of 101 F (38.3 C) or
higher, often with chills
Very sore and red throat,
sometimes with white or
yellowish patches
Difficulty swallowing
Enlarged glands in the
neck (lymph nodes) that
are tender to the touch
Nausea or vomiting
Headache

Medication/Treatme
nt

Drug of choice: Penicillin G / Amoxicillin

Alternative Drug: Erythromycin

SINUSITIS
Sinusitis is inflammation of the mucosal of one
or more of the paranasal sinuses. It is common
in children with allergies, in children with
adenoids and enlarged tonsils, dental
infections, and in children with chronic ear
infection.

Causative Agent
Haemophilus
influenzae

Streptococcus
pneumonia

Mode of Transmission
No one can catch a sinus infection from another
person, but the viruses and bacteria that cause colds
and other respiratory tract**infections that can trigger
sinusitis may spread from person to person in drops of
fluid from the nose or mouth. When people cough,
sneeze, laugh, or talk, they can transmit germs to their
hands, to the surfaces around them, and into the air.

Signs and Symptoms

Postnasal drip.
Discolored nasal discharge
(greenish in color)
Nasal stuffiness or
congestion.
Tenderness of the face
(particularly under the eyes
or at the bridge of the nose)
Frontal headaches.
Pain in the teeth.
Coughing.
Fever

Medication/Treatme
nt

Drug of choice: Amoxicillin(Amoxil) /

Amoxicillin-clavulanate (Augmentin)

INFLUENZA
Influenza is a viral infection that attacks your
respiratory system your nose, throat and
lungs. Influenza, commonly called the flu.

Causative Agent
Influenza virus
(A, B and C)
Family:
Orthomyxoviridae

Mode of Transmission
The virus is transmitted by airborne
respiratory droplets.

Signs and Symptoms

Fever* or feeling
feverish/chills.
Cough.
Sore throat.
Runny or stuffy nose.
Muscle or body aches.
Headaches.
Fatigue (tiredness)
Some people may have
vomiting and diarrhea,
though this is more
common in children than
adults.

Medication/Treatme
Drug of Choicent
for Influenza A:
Amantadine and its derivative Rimantatine
Amantadine and its derivative Rimantatine
Drug of Choice for Influenza A and B:
Zanamivir (Relenza) and Oseltamivir
(Tamiflu)
VACCINE:
(Influenza vaccine or
Flu shots)

DIPHTHERIA
Diphtheria is a serious bacterial infection
that affects the mucous membranes of
the throat and nose

Causative Agent
Corynebacteriu
m diphtheria

Mode of Transmission
Humans are the only natural hosts. The main
mode of transmission is by air-borne droplets
or by contact to susceptible individuals.

Signs and Symptoms

a fever
chills
swollen glands in the
neck
a loud, barking cough
a sore throat
bluish skin
drooling
a general feeling of
uneasiness or discomfort

Additional symptoms may

occur as the infection
progresses, including:
difficulty breathing or
swallowing
changes in vision
slurred speech
signs of shock, such as
pale and cold skin,
sweating, and a rapid
heartbeat

Medication/Treatme
nt
Drug of choice:
Penicillin G or Erythromycin

VACCINE:
DTaP Diphtheria,
Tetanus, Acellular
Pertussis Vaccine

Diseases of the
Lower Respiratory
Tract

CHRONIC OBSTRUCTIVE
PULMONARY DISEASE
Chronic obstructive
pulmonary disease (COPD)
(COPD)
is a chronic inflammatory lung disease that
causes obstructed airflow from the lungs.

Emphysema and
chronic bronchitis
are the two most
common conditions
that contribute
toCOPD.

Causative Agent
SMOKING

Most common causative organisms

(infection)
Haemophilus influenzae
Streptococcus pneumoniae
Moraxella catarrhalis

Mode of Transmission
The disease isnt passed from person to
person you cant catch from someone else.

Signs and Symptoms

An ongoing cough or a cough
that produces a lot of mucus
(often called "smoker's cough")
Shortness of breath, especially
with physical activity.
Wheezing (a whistling or
squeaky sound when you
breathe)
Chest tightness

Medication/Treatme
Short-actingbronchodilators
Anticholinergics (such asipratropium)
nt
Beta2-agonists (such asalbuterol
Beta2-agonists (such asalbuterol
orlevalbuterol)

Long-acting bronchodilators
Anticholinergics (such as aclidinium, tiotropium,
or umeclidinium)
Beta2-agonists (such as formoterol or
salmeterol)
Phosphodiesterase-4 (PDE4) inhibitors
Roflumilast - are taken every day to help prevent
COPD exacerbations.

BRONCHIOLITIS
Bronchiolitis is a severe inflammatory
condition involving the bronchioles

Causative Agent
Respiratory
Syncytial Virus
(RSV)
Family:
Paramyxoviridae

Mode of Transmission
RSV is spread by respiratory droplets and direct
contact. The main portal of entry of the virus into
the hosts is through the nose and eyes.

Signs and Symptoms

Bronchiolitis often starts like a common cold and causes
symptoms such as mildfever,cough, and stuffy orrunny
nose. However, more serious symptoms develop after 1
or 2 days. Children with bronchiolitis havedifficulty
breathingand oftenwheeze, grunt, or make highpitched whistling noises.

Medication/Treatme
nt Ribavirin
Drug of Choice:
(Antiviral drug)

PNEUMONIA
Pneumonia is an infection involving the
lung parenchyma.
Pneumonia may be classified
(Based on the portions of the lower
respiratory tract affected)
Lobar pneumonia entire lobes of
the lungs are involved
Interstitial pneumonia alveoli are
not involved and the inflammation is
confined to the interstitial spaces
Broncho pneumonia bronchus and
the alveoli of the lungs adjacent to the
bronchi are involved

ACUTE BACTERIAL PNEUMONIA

Typically presents with abrupt onset of
fever and chills, cough productive of
purulent sputum, and pleuritic chest pain.
Manifestation:
Tachypnea (rapid breathing)
Tachycardia (rapid heart rate)
VIRAL PNEUMONIA
Characterized by inflammation of the
interstitial spaces.
Manifestation:
Less severe that of acute bacterial
pneumonia

Causative Agent and

Medication/Treatment
ORGANISM

DESCRIPTION

PREFERRED
ANTIMICROBIAL THERAPY

Streptococcus pneumonia

Most common causative

agent

Penicillin G

Haemophilus influenza

Blood-loving

Ampicillin or Amoxicillin;
Cefotaxime or Ceftriaxone

Staphylococcus aureus

Most common cause of

nosocomial pneumonia

Nafcillin

Klebsiella pneumonia

in chronic alcoholics; found

mainly in large intestine

Cephalosporin + Gentamicin
or Tobramycin

Escherichia coli

One of agents that caused

nosocomial pneumonia

Third-generation
Cephalosporins

Pseudomonas aeruginosa

Another major cause of

nosocomial pneumonia

Anti-pseudomonal penicillin +
Tobramycin

Mycoplasma pneumonia

In young persons; resistant to

penicillin

Erythromycin, Azithromycin or
Clarithromycin

Legionella pneumophila

Its major virulence factor is

lipopolysaccharide

Erythromycin, Azithromycin or
Clarithromycin, with or
without rifampin

PERTUSSIS
(WHOOPING COUGH)
Pertussis is a highly contagious disease. It
occurs primarily in infants and young
children.

It is an acute tracheobronchitis that consist of

three stages, namely;
Catarrhal stage
Paraxysmal stage
Convalescent stage

Causative Agent
Bordetella pertussis

Mode of Transmission
The organism is transmitted by airborne
droplets during the severe coughing
episodes

Medication/Treatme
nt
Drug of Choice:
Erythromycin

VACCINE:
DTaP Diphtheria,
Tetanus, Acellular
Pertussis Vaccine

PULMONARY ANTHRAX
(WOOLSORTERS
DISEASE)
Pulmonary anthrax
is

transmitted by inhalation of
spores into the lungs. It begins
with non-specific symptoms
that resemble influenza, which
rapidly progresses to bloody
pleural effusion, septic shock,
and death. Hemorrhagic
meningitis and hemorrhagic
mediastinitis are severe lifethreatening complications.

Causative Agent
Bacillus anthracis

Medication/Treatme
Drug of Choice:
ntCiprofloxacin
Alternative Drug: Doxycycline

TUBERCULOSIS
Tuberculosis is a potentially serious
infectious disease that mainly affects
your lungs.

Causative Agent
Mycobacterium tuberculosis

Mode of Transmission
Person-to-person by respiratory aerosol aerosols
generated by the coughing of infected individuals
Kissing
Fomites (eg. Utensils, glasswares)

Clinical Findings
Primary infection (primary complex)
- Ghon Complex
Secondary or reactivation pulmonary
tuberculosis
- Classical symptoms include easy
fatigability, afternoon rises in temperature,
weight loss, night sweats, loss of appetite, and
chronic non-productive cough with or without
hemoptysis.
Miliary tuberculosis
- Tuberculous meningitis and tuberculosis
osteomyelitis (Potts disease)

Laboratory Findings
Acid-fast staining of sputum or other
specimens initial test
Culture
using
Lowenstein-Jensen
medium (old)
Polymerase Chain Reaction (new)
Chest x-ray
Skin test

Interpretation: The skin test is considered

positive in the following:

Medication/Treatme
Drug of Choice: QUADTAB,
nt RIPE, RIPES
H Isoniazid INH
R Rifampicin RIF
Z Pyrazinamide PZA
E Ethambutol EMB
S Streptomycin - STM

Adverse reaction:
INH
(Isoniazid)

Peripheral
Neuropathy
RIF
(Rifampicin)

Reddish
discoloration of secretions
PZA (Pyrazinamide) Joint Pains
EMB (Ethambutol) Blurred vision:
Color blind Blue and Green
STM (Streptomycin) Vestibular
Toxicity;
Nystagmus

involuntary
movement of the eyes

TB DOTS : Tuberculosis Direct

ObservationTreatment Shortcourse

6 months
2 months HRZE
/ 4 months HR
8 months
(retreatment)
2
SHREZ/
1
HRZE / 5 HRE

BCG, orBacille Calmette-Guerin, is

a vaccine for tuberculosis (TB) disease

Keep Your Lungs

Strong and Healthy

THANK
YOU!!!

Presented to:
Prof. Irene M. Demoni
Presented by:
Alcala, Yesher Kein Joy O
Dayondon, Leizel Mae C.
Hambali, Arnilyne K.
Haradji, Shafrah A.
Najal, Napisa A.
BS Pharmacy 3A
Micro Lec/7:00-8:00/MWF