IKATAN KOVALEN

POLAR dan ASAM

BASA
Oleh : Alvan Febrian Shalas, S.
Farm., Apt

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konsep elektronegatifitas
konsep momen dipol
konsep muatan formal
resonansi struktur
konsep asam basa

Most bonds are neither fully ionic nor

fully covalent but are somewhere between
the two extremes

Such bonds are called polar covalent

bonds, meaning that the bonding
electrons are attracted more strongly by
one atom than the other so that the
electron distribution between atoms is not

ELEKTRONEGATIFITAS

ELEKTRONEGATIFITAS
ELEKTRONEGATIFITAS

Bond polarity is due to differences in

ELECTRONEGATIVITY (EN), the intrinsic ability of an
atom to attract the shared electrons in a covalent bond

ELEKTRONEGATIFITAS

ELEKTRONEGATIFITAS
JENIS IKATAN ATOM
BERDASARKAN BEDA
ELEKTRONEGATIFITAS

> 2 Ionik
0,5-2 Kovalen Polar
< 0,5 Kovalen Non Polar

ELEKTRONEGATIFITAS

electrostatic potential maps

used to indicate
the direction of
bond polarity
: Muatan Parsial

ELEKTRONEGATIFITAS
INDUCTIVE EFFECT is the shifting of electrons in
a bond in response to the electronegativity of
nearby atoms.
Metals, such as lithium and
magnesium, inductively donate

electrons
Reactive
nonmetals,
such
as
oxygen and nitrogen, inductively

withdraw electrons

MOMEN DIPOL
Just as individual bonds, molecules as
a whole are often polar
Molecular polarity results from the vector
summation of all individual bond polarities and
lone-pair contributions in the molecule
Net molecular polarity is measured by a quantity
called the dipole moment ()

MOMEN DIPOL

MOMEN DIPOL

Contain strongly electronegative atoms

(oxygen and nitrogen)
All three molecules have lone-pair
electrons

MOMEN DIPOL
Molecules such as carbon dioxide, methane, and
ethane have zero dipole moments. Because of the
symmetrical structures of these molecules, the
individual
bond
polarities
and
lone-pair
contributions exactly cancel.

MUATAN FORMAL

VS
metana

VS
sulfat

dimetilsulfoksida

12

MUATAN FORMAL
Carbon valence electrons
:4
Carbon bonding electrons
:8
Carbon nonbonding electrons
:0
For carbon :
Formal charge = 4 8/2 0 = 0
Hydrogen valence electrons
:1
Hydrogen bonding electrons
:2
Hydrogen nonbonding electrons
:0
For Hydrogen :
Formal charge = 1 2/2 0 = 0

Total Formal Charge = 0 + (4 x 0) = 0

MUATAN FORMAL
Sulfur valence electrons
:6
Sulfur bonding electrons
:6
Sulfur nonbonding electrons
:2
For sulfur :
Formal charge = 6 6/2 2 = +1
Oxygen valence electrons
:6
Oxygen bonding electrons
:2
Oxygen nonbonding electrons
:6
For Oxygen :
Formal charge = 6 2/2 6 = -1

MUATAN FORMAL
Sulfur valence electrons
:6
Sulfur bonding electrons
:8
Sulfur nonbonding electrons
:0
For sulfur :
Formal charge = 6 8/2 0 = +2
Oxygen valence electrons
:6
Oxygen bonding electrons
:2
Oxygen nonbonding electrons
:6
For Oxygen :
Formal charge = 6 2/2 6 = -1
Total Formal Charge = = +2 + (4 x (-1)) = -2
15

MUATAN FORMAL
EXERCISES......
Calculate formal charges for the nonhydrogen atoms in
the following molecules !!

16

RESONANSI

The two oxygen atoms in the acetate ion appear

different in linebond structures, experiments
show that they are equivalent
Neither of the two structures for acetate is
correct by itself
17

RESONANSI
The true structure is intermediate
between the two

18

ASAM BASA

BrnstedLowry
BrnstedLowry acid is a substance that
donates a hydrogen ion (H+)
BrnstedLowry base is a substance that
accepts a hydrogen ion (H+)

ASAM BASA

ACID and BASE STRENGTH

Acid
strengths
are
normally
expressed using pKa values
A stronger acid has a smaller pKa
Weaker acid has a larger pKa
A strong acid loses H+ easily,
meaning that its conjugate base
holds the H+ weakly and is
therefore a weak base.
A weak acid loses H+ with difficulty,
meaning that its conjugate base
holds the proton tightly and is
therefore a strong base

ASAM BASA
Relative Strengths of Some Common Acids and
Their Conjugate Bases

ASAM BASA

TING ACID and BASE REACTION FROM pKa VAL

H+ will always go from the stronger acid
to the stronger base.
An acid will donate a proton to the
conjugate base of a weaker acid
The conjugate base of a weaker acid
will remove the proton from a stronger
acid

ASAM BASA
LEWIS
Lewis acid is a substance that
accepts an electron pair
Lewis base is a substance that
donates an electron pair.

ASAM BASA
Lewis acid must have either
a vacant, low-energy orbital or
a polar bond to hydrogen so
that it can donate H+ (which
has an empty 1s orbital)

ASAM BASA

ASAM BASA
The Lewis base is a
compound with a pair of
nonbonding electrons that
it can use to bond to a
Lewis acid

ASAM BASA

ASAM BASA
EXERCISES......

Using
curved
arrows,
show
how
acetaldehyde(CH3CHO), can act as a Lewis base!!

ASAM BASA
EXERCISES......

SELAMAT BELAJAR !!